{ "abstract": "Luminosity functions (LF) are some of the most basic quantities providing insights into galaxy evolution across cosmic time and enabling a direct comparison between observations and simulations. Here, we present the first [C ii] 158 μm LF at z ∼ 7 from a sizeable UV-selected ALMA sample. Our analysis makes use of 27 galaxies with significant [C ii] emission line detections in the epoch of reionization from the REBELS (Reionization Era Bright Emission Line Survey) ALMA Large Program and its pilot programs. We used these line detections and similar from ALPINE to calibrate UV luminosity-$L_\\mathrm{[C\\, {\\small ii}] }$ and stellar mass-$L_\\mathrm{[C\\, {\\small ii}] }$ relations at z ∼ 7. Given the challenge in precisely defining a selection volume for the REBELS sample itself, we rely on published UV LF and stellar mass function (SMF) determinations at z ∼ 7 and three complementary approaches to derive the [C ii] LF. The UV LF-based method provides a lower limit on the [C ii] LF, due to its missing the most dust-obscured systems. Our SMF-based estimate yields a Schechter function with a characteristic luminosity of $L^*_\\mathrm{[C\\, {\\small ii}] }=10^{9.11_{-0.27}^{+0.11}}\\, L_\\odot$ and a steep faint-end slope. From z ∼ 7 to z ∼ 5, our inferred [C ii] LF shows an evolution of +0.3 dex in normalisation and +0.1 dex in $L^*_\\mathrm{[C\\, {\\small ii}] }$. Our results indicate a general underprediction from models of the abundance of [C ii] emitters at high-redshift and thus potentially the number densities of massive yet UV-faint systems implied by our SMF-based method. Additionally, they suggest that 63% of the star formation rate density occurs in massive [C ii]-bright systems and that ∼60–90% of [C ii] emitters at z ∼ 7 may be missed by bright UV selections. This highlights the importance of surveys focusing on especially massive, UV-faint sources at z > 6.", "abstract_shown": true, "affiliations": [ "Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden ,", "University of Geneva Department of Astronomy, , Chemin Pegasi 51, CH-1290 Versoix ,", "Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 128, København N, DK-2200 ,", "Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 106319, Taiwan ,", "Instituto de Estudios Astrofísicos, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Diego Portales , Av. Ejército 441, Santiago ,", "Millennium Nucleus for Galaxies (MINGAL) ,", "International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR), The University of Western Australia , M468, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009 ,", "ARC Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D) ,", "Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics , 60 St George St, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8 ,", "University of Toronto David A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, , 50 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4 ,", "University of Toronto Department of Physics, , 60 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8 ,", "Scuola Normale Superiore , Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa ,", "Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL ,", "Center for Frontier Science, Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522 ,", "Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama-Higashi, Hiroshima 739-8526 ,", "Università di Pisa Dipartimento di Fisica “Enrico Fermi”, , Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa ,", "Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University , 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF ,", "Columbia University Department of Astronomy, , 550 W 120th St, New York, NY 10025 ,", "Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute , 162 5th Ave, New York, NY 10010 ,", "Universitat de València Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, , Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés 19, E-46100 Burjassot, València ,", "Unidad Asociada CSIC “Grupo de Astrofísica Extragaláctica i Cosmología” (Instituto de Física de Cantabria – Universitat de València) ,", "Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721 ," ], "article_type": null, "arxiv": null, "author_total": 22, "authors": [ { "affs": [ 0 ], "name": "Thomas Herard-Demanche", "orcid": "0000-0003-2164-7949" }, { "affs": [ 1, 2 ], "name": "Pascal A Oesch", "orcid": "0000-0001-5851-6649" }, { "affs": [ 0 ], "name": "Rychard Bouwens" }, { "affs": [ 0 ], "name": "Jacqueline A Hodge" }, { "affs": [ 3 ], "name": "Hiddo S B Algera", "orcid": "0000-0002-4205-9567" }, { "affs": [ 4, 5 ], "name": "Manuel Aravena" }, { "affs": [ 0 ], "name": "Karin Cescon", "orcid": "0000-0003-2160-0454" }, { "affs": [ 6, 7 ], "name": "Elisabete da Cunha", "orcid": "0000-0001-9759-4797" }, { "affs": [ 8, 9, 10 ], "name": "Pratika Dayal", "orcid": "0000-0001-8460-1564" }, { "affs": [ 11 ], "name": "Andrea Ferrara" }, { "affs": [ 12 ], "name": "Rebecca Fisher", "orcid": "0009-0008-3946-0502" }, { "affs": [ 13 ], "name": "Yoshinobu Fudamoto" }, { "affs": [ 2 ], "name": "Kasper E Heintz", "orcid": "0000-0002-9389-7413" }, { "affs": [ 14 ], "name": "Hanae Inami", "orcid": "0000-0003-4268-0393" }, { "affs": [ 15 ], "name": "Andrea Pallottini", "orcid": "0000-0002-7129-5761" }, { "affs": [ 0 ], "name": "Lucie E Rowland", "orcid": "0009-0009-2671-4160" }, { "affs": [ 16 ], "name": "Renske Smit" }, { "affs": [ 17, 18 ], "name": "Laura Sommovigo", "orcid": "0000-0002-2906-2200" }, { "affs": [ 19, 20 ], "name": "Mauro Stefanon" }, { "affs": [ 21 ], "name": "Michael W Topping", "orcid": "0000-0001-8426-1141" }, { "affs": [ 0 ], "name": "Paul van der Werf" }, { "affs": [ 0 ], "name": "Ivana F van Leeuwen", "orcid": "0009-0005-6803-6805" } ], "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/by5yv2hph7yzq.bib", "cited_by": 0, "doi": "10.1093/mnras/stag2017", "fulltext_url": null, "id": "by5yv2hph7yzq", "issns": [ "0035-8711", "1365-2966" ], "landing_url": "https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article/doi/10.1093/mnras/stag2017/8994297", "language": null, "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_source": "article", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "metadata_licence": null, "native_subjects": [ [ "openalex", "3103|Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena" ] ], "openalex": "W7223377586", "pdf_url": "https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/mnras/stag2017/72447249/stag2017.pdf", "pmcid": null, "pmid": null, "published": "2026-10-23", "publisher": "Oxford University Press (OUP)", "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/by5yv2hph7yzq.ris", "sources": [ { "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:17Z", "native_id": "10.1093/mnras/stag2017", "source": "crossref", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article/doi/10.1093/mnras/stag2017/8994297" } ], "subjects": [ { "field": "astronomy", "origin": "openalex:3103|Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena", "subfield": "galaxies" } ], "title": "The ALMA REBELS Survey: The [C ii ] Luminosity Function of UV-Selected Galaxies at z ∼ 7", "title_text": "The ALMA REBELS Survey: The [C ii ] Luminosity Function of UV-Selected Galaxies at z ∼ 7", "type": "peer-reviewed", "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:17Z", "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/by5yv2hph7yzq", "venue": "Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society", "versions": [] }