{
  "abstract": "Developing eco-friendly analytical methods is crucial for monitoring emerging pollutants in complex matrices. This study presents a methodology based on green chemistry for determining the bioavailable fraction of methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben (EtP), propylparaben (PrP), and butylparaben (BuP) in hospital wastewater treatment plant sludge. The approach combines in situ leaching with rotating-disk sorptive extraction (RDSE) in reverse mode, followed by direct-immersion solid-phase microextraction (DI-SPME) and headspace (HS-SPME) with on-fiber derivatization. GC-MS analysis identified the DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber as the most effective due to its high analyte affinity. Derivatization was successfully performed at room temperature in 10 min, with mass spectral match factors above 85%. The active analytical workflow (SPME extraction, on-fiber silylation, and GC-MS analysis) is completed in under 60 min per sample, enabling high-throughput screening once the parallel overnight leaching is completed. The method shows high sensitivity (LODs: 2.1–5.2 ng/g), good reproducibility (RSD < 9%), and accuracy (recoveries: 80–96% at 800 ng/g, n = 3). The four parabens were quantified in real sludge samples; MeP, EtP, and BuP were detected below their limits of quantification (< LOQ), while PrP was quantified at 20.0 ± 2.4 ng/g. Significant matrix effects (50% signal reduction) necessitated a standard additions protocol. The method’s greenness, practicality, and innovation were validated using AGREEprep (score 0.54), BAGI (score 75.0), and VIGI (score 75) metrics, confirming its high sustainability, routine feasibility, and innovative character for complex environmental sample preparation.\n\nGraphical Abstract:\n\nSupplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-026-06762-1.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Tecnologías, Universidad del Quindío, 630004 Armenia, Colombia",
    "Facultad de Tecnología, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, 660003 Pereira, Colombia",
    "Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain",
    "Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, P.O. Box 233, 9170124 Santiago, Chile",
    "Departamento de Química, Universidad Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88000-000 Brasil",
    "Facultad de Ciencias Básicas,, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Calle 5 No 62-00, 76036 Cali, Colombia",
    "Grupo de Investigación en Cromatografía y Técnicas Afines GICTA, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No 26-10, 170004 Manizales, Colombia"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "S. Bedoya Patiño"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "J. P. Arrubla Vélez"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "J. M. Grisales Bedoya"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "M. Becerra-Herrera"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "P. Richter"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "E. Carasek"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "J. J. Ríos Acevedo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "M. Rosero-Moreano"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/byvfvm25eg927.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1007/s00216-026-06762-1",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13736439/",
  "id": "byvfvm25eg927",
  "issns": [
    "1618-2642",
    "1618-2650"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-026-06762-1",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Research Paper"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1602|Analytical chemistry methods development"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220960975",
  "pdf_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00216-026-06762-1.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13736439",
  "pmid": "42844451",
  "published": "2026-10-08",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/byvfvm25eg927.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T12:21:53Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13736439",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-026-06762-1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1602|Analytical chemistry methods development",
      "subfield": "analytical"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Eco-friendly method for the analysis of the soluble fraction of parabens leached from sludge of a hospital wastewater treatment plant—proof of concept",
  "title_text": "Eco-friendly method for the analysis of the soluble fraction of parabens leached from sludge of a hospital wastewater treatment plant—proof of concept",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T12:21:53Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/byvfvm25eg927",
  "venue": "Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry",
  "versions": []
}