{
  "abstract": "Whole tumor cell vaccines (TCVs) show the full endogenous antigen repertoire, yet insufficient immunogenicity and antigen presentation remain obstacles to clinical translation. To address these challenges, this study develops a β-cyclodextrin-embedded boronized manganese adjuvant (labelled as MnB@β-CD) to couple strong photothermal conversion with immune regulatory function, featuring on-demand Mn2+ release to activate the STING pathway. Loading MnB@β-CD into tumor cells followed by near-infrared (NIR) irradiation induced immunogenic cell death (ICD) in tumor cells, amplified type I/II interferon signaling and IL-12 secretion, and promoted dendritic cell (DC) maturation with efficient antigen cross-presentation, thus triggering robust antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses and long-term immune memory. Encapsulation of the MnB@β-CD-based TCV (mG-TCV) within an injectable alginate-based hydrogel (ALG) further provided prolonged local retention, supporting sustained immune activation. This hydrogel-based vaccine achieved effective tumor suppression, with a tumor inhibition rate (TIR) of 90%. As a multifunctional manganese-based adjuvant, MnB@β-CD offered an NIR-responsive and programmable strategy for generating TCVs derived from ICD-induced cancer cells.\n\nGraphical abstract:\n\nSupplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-026-04834-z.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210000 China",
    "Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Faculty of Integrated Circuit, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China",
    "Department of Medical Oncology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000 China",
    "Department of Applied Physical Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27514 NC USA",
    "College of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Hohai University, Nangjing, 211100 China",
    "Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 PR China",
    "School of Physics, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China",
    "Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16803 PA USA",
    "Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 China",
    "School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009 China",
    "Southern Medical University First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 15,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Wanyi Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Dingyi Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Xueru Song"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Yizhang Wu",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6244-8458"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yong Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Wenqi Guo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Jie Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Hefang Cao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yao Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Suhang Yi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Guangjian Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Sen Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Xiaoyuan Chu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Huanyu Cheng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2,
        8,
        9,
        10
      ],
      "name": "Zengjie Lei"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bz1vkcrb5nwmm.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1186/s12951-026-04834-z",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13741696/",
  "id": "bz1vkcrb5nwmm",
  "issns": [
    "1477-3155"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-026-04834-z",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2403|Immunotherapy and Immune Responses"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7201980486",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13741696",
  "pmid": "42989256",
  "published": "2026-08-08",
  "publisher": "BMC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bz1vkcrb5nwmm.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-10T12:22:42Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13741696",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-026-04834-z"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2403|Immunotherapy and Immune Responses",
      "subfield": "immunology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Boronized manganese adjuvant enables potent antitumor whole cell vaccines featuring boosted immunogenicity and antigen presentation",
  "title_text": "Boronized manganese adjuvant enables potent antitumor whole cell vaccines featuring boosted immunogenicity and antigen presentation",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-10T12:22:42Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bz1vkcrb5nwmm",
  "venue": "Journal of Nanobiotechnology",
  "versions": []
}