{
  "abstract": "Objectives: Precision oncology relies on accurate interpretation of tumour-detected gene variants, to guide personalised treatment decisions. However, interpretation of variants in context requires extensive information that is often buried within unstructured biomedical literature and obscured by inconsistent nomenclature, making manual retrieval labour-intensive and prone to omissions. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the potential of large language models to extract variant-treatment-cancer associations at scale from published abstracts. Design: We developed Variantscape, a large-scale, automated pipeline and open-access web tool. It integrates traditional natural language processing methods with state-of-the-art large language models to extract, standardise, and analyse co-associations between genetic variants, cancer types, and therapeutic interventions from published biomedical abstracts. Results: From over 3.7 million abstracts published between January 2014 and October 2026, 886,195 articles containing gene names were eligible for extraction. Among these, 37,895 (4.3%) mentioned a variant, cancer type, and therapeutic agent together, covering 11,985 unique variants across 197 cancer types and 547 therapeutic agents. LLM verification against the abstract text confirmed at least one association in 35,224 papers, giving a literature-derived graph of 10,571 nodes and 44,644 verified edges. Canonical alterations in well-studied cancers (e.g., BRAF V600E in melanoma) were strongly linked to established treatments, while several rare variants also emerged with high-confidence literature support. Conclusions: By applying large language models to biomedical literature, Variantscape enables scalable, context-aware extraction of trilateral variant-treatment-cancer relationships. This approach supports early evidence synthesis/hypothesis generation, highlights underrecognized or rare associations for MTB preparation, and offers a practical resource for accelerating discovery and supporting precision oncology research and translation.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "University of Pavia"
  ],
  "article_type": "PUBLISHAHEADOFPRINT",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "M. Wosny"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "A. S. Blindu"
    },
    {
      "name": "M. Boesch"
    },
    {
      "name": "T. Peres"
    },
    {
      "name": "T. Niederhauser"
    },
    {
      "name": "M. Fruh"
    },
    {
      "name": "C. Rothermundt"
    },
    {
      "name": "J. Hastings"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bzk8bdf09tf3n.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.64898/2026.08.02.26359492",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.02.26359492v2.full",
  "id": "bzk8bdf09tf3n",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.02.26359492v2",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "medrxiv",
      "health informatics"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7172313684",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.02.26359492v2.full.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-08-02",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bzk8bdf09tf3n.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T00:20:24Z",
      "native_id": "10.64898/2026.08.02.26359492",
      "source": "medrxiv",
      "url": "https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.02.26359492v2"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "medrxiv:health informatics",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Variantscape: Retrospective Study of Large Language Model-Based Extraction of Variant-Treatment-Cancer Associations from Published Oncology Abstracts",
  "title_text": "Variantscape: Retrospective Study of Large Language Model-Based Extraction of Variant-Treatment-Cancer Associations from Published Oncology Abstracts",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-04T00:20:58Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/bzk8bdf09tf3n",
  "venue": "medRxiv",
  "versions": []
}