{
  "abstract": "Human oversight of medical AI is increasingly required, but clinician presence alone does not make oversight meaningful. We propose four interlocking conditions—epistemic capacity, cognitive space, decisional authority, and intervention effectiveness—that determine whether human judgment can function as a safety mechanism. Embedding these conditions across procurement, deployment, monitoring, and decommissioning can turn oversight into an operational patient-safety capability across predictive, generative, semi-autonomous, and agentic systems.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Adult Intensive Care, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands",
    "Erasmus MC Datahub, University Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands",
    "Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA",
    "Department of Adult Intensive Care, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. m.vangenderen@erasmusmc.nl",
    "Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. m.vangenderen@erasmusmc.nl"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Davy van de Sande",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4484-0995"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Nicoleta Economou-Zavlanos",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-4078-9809"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Michel E. van Genderen",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5668-3435"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c29srhctmr2hr.bib",
  "cited_by": 30,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41746-026-02971-1",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "c29srhctmr2hr",
  "issns": [
    "2398-6352"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02971-1",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2718|Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7170152263",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02971-1.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13396345",
  "pmid": "42493536",
  "published": "2026-07-23",
  "publisher": "Nature Portfolio",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c29srhctmr2hr.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:26:54Z",
      "native_id": "W7170152263",
      "source": "openalex",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02971-1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2718|Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Meaningful oversight of medical AI beyond human in the loop",
  "title_text": "Meaningful oversight of medical AI beyond human in the loop",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T13:20:38Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c29srhctmr2hr",
  "venue": "npj Digital Medicine",
  "versions": []
}