{
  "abstract": "Objective\n\nAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with metabolic and neuropeptidergic processes. Gastrin-releasing peptide and neuromedin B, which are bombesin-like peptides, have been studied only to a limited extent in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, despite their role in energy homeostasis and central nervous system function. The aim of this study was to evaluate gastrin-releasing peptide and neuromedin B levels in untreated adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder patients and to examine their relationship with clinical symptom severity.Methods\n\nThis cross-sectional study included 55 untreated adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder patients and 32 healthy controls. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnoses were confirmed using SCID-5/CV and DIVA 2.0, and symptom severity was assessed using the Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale. Gastrin-releasing peptide and neuromedin B levels in fasting serum were measured using the ELISA method. Group comparisons, Pearson correlations, hierarchical regression, and receiver operating characteristic analyses were performed.Results\n\nGastrin-releasing peptide (22.83±24.18 pg/mL) and neuromedin B (1.83±2.86 pg/mL) levels were significantly lower in the attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder group compared to the control group (p=0.004 and p=0.037, respectively). Gastrin-releasing peptide and neuromedin B levels were negatively correlated with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale total and subscale scores (p<0.001 for all). In regression analyses, gastrin-releasing peptide was an independent predictor of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale total score (β=-0.642, p=0.024). In receiver operating characteristic analyses, gastrin-releasing peptide (AUC=0.746) and neuromedin B (AUC=0.719) showed significant performance in distinguishing attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.Conclusion\n\nThe findings suggest that gastrin-releasing peptide, in particular, may be associated with clinical symptom severity in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and is a potential biomarker candidate.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "University of Health Sciences, Erzurum Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry - Erzurum, Türkiye.",
    "Erzurum City Hospital, Department of Biochemistry - Erzurum, Turkey."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Elif Özcan Tozoğlu",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2300-2634"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Alev Lazoğlu Özkaya",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2033-3692"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c2c044ybt1d4s.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1590/1806-9282.20260659",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13660577",
  "id": "c2c044ybt1d4s",
  "issns": [
    "0104-4230",
    "1806-9282"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42879589",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2738|Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221529175",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13660577?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13660577",
  "pmid": "42879589",
  "published": "2026-10-12",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c2c044ybt1d4s.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:00Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42879589",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42879589"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2738|Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder",
      "subfield": "psychiatry"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Gastrin-releasing peptide, neuromedin B, and symptom severity in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.",
  "title_text": "Gastrin-releasing peptide, neuromedin B, and symptom severity in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:00Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c2c044ybt1d4s",
  "venue": "Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992)",
  "versions": []
}