{
  "abstract": "Herein, value-added iron oxide nanostructures are successfully synthesized directly from industrial steel mill scale via a simple precursor-free planetary ball milling technique for sustainable hydrogen production and environmental remediation. Comprehensive XRD analysis confirms heterogeneous crystalline phases comprising wüstite, magnetite, and hematite. The waste-derived catalysts demonstrate robust bifunctional electrocatalytic activity toward HER and OER in alkaline media, achieving low overpotentials of 342 and 356 millivolts at ten milliamperes per square centimeter for the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, respectively, alongside favorable Tafel slopes and exceptional long-term operational stability. Furthermore, under natural sunlight, the nanostructures achieve efficient photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue, attaining 86.4 and 89.7 percent degradation efficiencies for 15 and 30 milligrams of catalyst. This comprehensive study successfully converts secondary metallurgy industrial byproducts into highly cost-effective multifunctional nanomaterials, thus presenting an exceptionally promising dual-purpose pathway for green hydrogen generation coupled with advanced industrial wastewater purification and environmental pollution control.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Thin Films Lab, Advanced Materials and Sustainable Environments Research Group, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan",
    "School for Engineering Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA",
    "Department of Energy and Environment Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi 74800, Pakistan",
    "Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi 74800, Pakistan",
    "Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia",
    "Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Azmat Chandio",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3073-8087"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Iftikhar Ahmed Channa",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5585-8886"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Mukesh Kumar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Ayaz Ali Shah",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-2390-9041"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jaweria Ashfaq"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Abdul Qadir Chandio"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Esam Bahaidra"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Tasneem Parvez"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ali Dad Chandio",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4115-2070"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c3fmkg5scf31h.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/catal16100896",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "c3fmkg5scf31h",
  "issns": [
    "2073-4344"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/16/10/896",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2105|Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221084582",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-09",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c3fmkg5scf31h.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:43Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/catal16100896",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/16/10/896"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2105|Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion",
      "subfield": "electrochemistry-energy"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Valorization of Industrial Mill Scales into Multiphase Iron Oxide Nanostructures for Alkaline Water Splitting and Photocatalytic Dye Degradation",
  "title_text": "Valorization of Industrial Mill Scales into Multiphase Iron Oxide Nanostructures for Alkaline Water Splitting and Photocatalytic Dye Degradation",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:43Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c3fmkg5scf31h",
  "venue": "Catalysts",
  "versions": []
}