{
  "abstract": "Background: Calcium silicate based root canal sealers exhibit diverse physicochemical and biological properties that may influence periapical tissue responses. This study compared three sealers, Grey MTA Plus (MP), BioRoot RCS (BR), and Bio C Sealer (BC), using ProRoot MTA (PM) as a mechanistic reference material. Methods: Physicochemical properties, including pH, solubility in deionized water (n = 5), and elemental release (Ca, P, Bi, Pb, K, Mg; n = 3), were evaluated. Human periodontal ligament cells were used to assess cytotoxicity by CCK 8 assay, mineralization by Alizarin Red S staining, and gene and protein expression of IL 6 and MMP 1 by qRT PCR, ELISA, and Western blot (n = 3 independent experiments). MAPK pathway activation was analyzed in cells treated with BR. Statistical analysis was performed using one way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test after verification of assumptions. Results: All materials exhibited alkaline pH values above 11. BC and BR showed higher solubility than PM under the tested conditions, whereas PM and MP released higher levels of calcium and were associated with increased mineralization. BC and BR reduced cell viability at higher concentrations and longer exposure times, particularly under serum free conditions. IL6 mRNA expression was reduced in BC and BR, but IL 6 protein levels were unchanged. In contrast, BR increased MMP 1 protein secretion. BR also induced phosphorylation of p38, JNK, and ERK1 2, and inhibition of these pathways reduced MMP 1 secretion. Conclusion: PM and MP showed higher calcium release and were associated with increased mineralization, whereas BC and BR showed higher solubility and concentration dependent cytotoxicity. BR increased MMP-1 secretion and was associated with MAPK activation. These findings are based on in vitro conditions and should be interpreted with caution.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontology, College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China",
    "Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases, Nanning, China",
    "Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada",
    "Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
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        0
      ],
      "name": "Xianyu Li"
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    {
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        1
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      "name": "He Liu"
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    {
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        2
      ],
      "name": "Lari Häkkinen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Guoqiao Jiang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Binwen Chen"
    },
    {
      "name": "Markus Haapasalo"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ya Shen"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c3n9xfbxk7vgg.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0359096",
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  "issns": [
    "1932-6203"
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  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0359096",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
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  "native_subjects": [
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      "3504|Endodontics and Root Canal Treatments"
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      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Cell biology/Signal transduction/Cell signaling/Signaling cascades/MAPK signaling cascades"
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      "/Medicine and health sciences/Immunology/Immune response/Inflammation"
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      "/Medicine and health sciences/Pathology and laboratory medicine/Toxicology/Cytotoxicity assay"
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  "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0359096&type=printable",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-24",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c3n9xfbxk7vgg.ris",
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    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:43Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0359096",
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  "subjects": [
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      "subfield": "immunology"
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  "title": "Physicochemical and biological properties of three calcium silicate-based root canal sealers",
  "title_text": "Physicochemical and biological properties of three calcium silicate-based root canal sealers",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:43Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c3n9xfbxk7vgg",
  "venue": "PLOS One",
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}