{
  "abstract": "It has been almost six decades since T cells and B cells were found to be the major players of adaptive immunity. The signal transduction cascades of T cell activation are well studied. However, it is not well appreciated or investigated how the binding of antigens to B cell receptors triggers the downstream signal transduction pathways. It is clear that MHCs with linear antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), binding to TCR coupled with CD4/8, is enough to trigger the activation of T cells. For B cells, there are structures of BCRs similar to those of TCRs; however, there are no definitive structures similar to CD4/8 in B cells to help B cell activation. It remains a mystery how B cells are activated by native forms of antigens. Encouraged by our new illustration of the underlying mechanism of T cell activation, a simple model of B cell activation is derived: the CD19-coupled CD21 is an essential receptor for B cell activation.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA",
    "Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80216, USA"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 1,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Gongyi Zhang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c3sjxjp6sccz4.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": null,
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13730160/",
  "id": "c3sjxjp6sccz4",
  "issns": [
    "2692-0638"
  ],
  "landing_url": null,
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Article"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13730160",
  "pmid": "42979282",
  "published": "2026-11-04",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c3sjxjp6sccz4.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-07T12:22:47Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13730160",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": null
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:1312|Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "The CD19-Coupled CD21 is an Essential Receptor for B cell Activation",
  "title_text": "The CD19-Coupled CD21 is an Essential Receptor for B cell Activation",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-07T12:22:47Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c3sjxjp6sccz4",
  "venue": "Journal of cellular signaling",
  "versions": []
}