{
  "abstract": "The increasing demand for sustainable and low-carbon construction materials has intensified research into alternative soil stabilization techniques that reduce reliance on conventional cementitious binders. Conventional additives, although effective in improving the mechanical behavior of weak soils, is associated with high energy consumption and significant CO2 emissions during its production, making it environmentally unsustainable for large-scale geotechnical applications. In response, geopolymer-based stabilization has emerged as a promising alternative due to its ability to utilize industrial by-products and aluminosilicate-rich waste materials to form cementitious binders under alkaline activation. This study investigates the stabilization of low-plasticity clay using a geopolymer system incorporating ceramic siding waste powder (CSWP) and metakaolin (MC) activated with sodium silicate solution. Ten mix formulations containing single and combined precursors at total additive contents up to 15% were evaluated through compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), soaked California bearing ratio (CBR), water absorption, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that combined CSWP-MC mixtures generally performed better than single-precursor systems at equivalent additive contents. The optimal mixture containing 7.5% CSWP and 7.5% MC achieved a 28-day UCS of 4.05 MPa, soaked CBR of 30.5%, water absorption of 7.1%, and UPV of 2080 m/s. These improvements were accompanied by increased matrix densification and reduced visible porosity, as indicated by UPV and SEM observations. XRD analysis showed development of a broad amorphous hump between 20° and 40° 2θ, suggesting formation of geopolymeric reaction products under alkaline activation. The improved performance of the combined precursor system may be associated with complementary particle packing and balanced silica–alumina availability, which may have promoted more effective geopolymerization. The findings indicate that CSWP and MC-based geopolymer stabilization offers a promising and eco-friendly alternative for improving the engineering performance of clay soils.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Mining Work, Tashkent State Technical University",
    "Tashkent State Technical University",
    "Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tehran",
    "Department of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology",
    "State Institution “Institute of Mineral Resources”, University of Geological Sciences, Ministry of Mining Industry and Geology",
    "Head of the Center for Geoinnovation Technologies for Complex Mineral Processing, State Enterprise “Institute of Mineral Resources”",
    "Termez University of Economics and Service",
    "Tashkent State Transport University",
    "Department of Chemical Technology of Oil and Gas Refining, Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology",
    "Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Guilan"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Azamat Umirzokov"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Sayyidjabbor Sayyidkosimov"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Niusha Emrani"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Nazila Jamshidighadikolaei"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Ergash Jabborov"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Bakhrom Hamidullayev"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Kurbonalijon Zokirov"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Tursoat Amirov"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Mashaev Eldor"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Mohammad Mahdi Shalchian"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c4e48py1rx9px.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-68912-w",
  "fulltext_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-68912-w",
  "id": "c4e48py1rx9px",
  "issns": [
    "2045-2322"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-68912-w",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "Q"
    ],
    [
      "lcc",
      "R"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2205|Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Stabilization"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7204464423",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-68912-w_reference.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-08-01",
  "publisher": "Nature Portfolio",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c4e48py1rx9px.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:45:53Z",
      "native_id": "4dbe688f871c4b018cda1c00933f98e6",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-68912-w"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "lcc:R",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Performance and microstructural assessment of clay stabilization using ceramic siding waste powder and metakaolin-based geopolymer",
  "title_text": "Performance and microstructural assessment of clay stabilization using ceramic siding waste powder and metakaolin-based geopolymer",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T13:45:53Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c4e48py1rx9px",
  "venue": "Scientific Reports",
  "versions": []
}