{
  "abstract": "Background: Declining age standardized rates conceal differences in gastric cancer by age, sex, anatomical subsite, histological type, and region. This review examines these patterns alongside risk factors, Helicobacter pylori eradication, screening, and surveillance. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched iteratively for literature available through January 2026. Google Scholar and reference lists were used to identify additional relevant sources. One reviewer selected sources, and findings were interpreted qualitatively according to study design, population, confounding, precision, and geographic applicability. Results: Standardized rates have fallen in many countries, while absolute case numbers continue to rise. Increases reported in some younger groups do not establish a uniform global trend because age definitions and registry coverage differ. Helicobacter pylori is a major causal factor, but mucosal damage, hereditary susceptibility, and other exposures affect risk. Randomized trials support eradication for reducing primary and metachronous cancer incidence. Screening associations with earlier diagnosis and lower mortality are largely observational and concentrated in East Asia. Conclusions: Prevention requires treatment of Helicobacter pylori and confirmation of cure. Advanced or extensive atrophy or intestinal metaplasia, autoimmune gastritis, and defined hereditary syndromes require the appropriate surveillance or specialist assessment. Family history, migration background, and behavioral exposures inform further assessment but are not equivalent indications for surveillance. Population screening and targeted assessment should follow local disease burden, antimicrobial resistance, and endoscopy capacity.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Health Deputy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran",
    "Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan",
    "Geriatric Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran",
    "Health Assistant Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7193711351, Iran",
    "Faculty of Health Sciences, Cyprus International University, Nicosia 99258, Cyprus",
    "Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran",
    "College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sara Jouya",
      "orcid": "0009-0001-6769-8146"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Mai Abdel Haleem A. Abusalah",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8473-9392"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Zahra Shahabinia"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Afrooz Mazidimoradi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Leila Allahqoli",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9851-6771"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Hamid Salehiniya"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Do-Youn Lee",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0886-1713"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c56yvswet6fyt.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/jcm15218530",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "c56yvswet6fyt",
  "issns": [
    "2077-0383"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/21/8530",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-02",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c56yvswet6fyt.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T12:21:42Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/jcm15218530",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/21/8530"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:F27",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Gastric Cancer: Global Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Helicobacter pylori Eradication, and Risk-Based Screening",
  "title_text": "Gastric Cancer: Global Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Helicobacter pylori Eradication, and Risk-Based Screening",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T00:21:25Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c56yvswet6fyt",
  "venue": "Journal of Clinical Medicine",
  "versions": []
}