{
  "abstract": "In the present study, a new extraction procedure was developed by preparing a cylinder gel composed of agarose, glycerol, and a hydrophobic ionic liquid. The agarose-glycerol matrix serves as a solid support that entraps the ionic liquid within its three-dimensional network; upon heating, the gel gradually softened and released the ionic liquid into the aqueous solution of analytes, where it acted as a micro-extractant. This approach was applied for the simultaneous preconcentration and extraction of two fluoroquinolone antibiotics, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, from water and wastewater samples. Key parameters affecting extraction efficiency, including ionic liquid type, ionic liquid loading volume, salt concentration, sample temperature, pH, number of gel migration cycles, and elution solvent type and volume, were systematically optimized. Under the optimal conditions, limits of detection for ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin were 0.09 and 0.06 ng mL⁻¹ and limits of quantification were 0.29 and 0.19 ng mL⁻¹, respectively. The linear ranges of calibration curves were 0.29-150 and 0.19-150 ng mL⁻¹ with determination coefficients of 0.991 and 0.985, respectively. The extraction recoveries were 79 ± 4% for ciprofloxacin and 87 ± 5% (n = 3) for enrofloxacin. The method was validated in real samples (pharmaceutical wastewater, tap water, river water, and dam water) spiked at two levels (5 and 25 ng mL⁻¹ of each analyte), yielding relative recoveries in the range of 89-107%, confirming its effectiveness in complex matrices. The proposed technique offered high sensitivity, acceptable repeatability, and negligible organic solvent consumption, making it a green and efficient alternative for monitoring antibiotic residues in environmental waters.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran Saied_sorour@yahoo.com +98 41 33393110.",
    "Pharmaceutical Chemistry Branch, College of Pharmacy, University of Misan Iraq.",
    "Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Pharmaceutical Sciences Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran mr.afsharmogaddam@yahoo.com.",
    "New Material and Green Chemistry Research Center, Khazar University 41 Mehseti Street Baku AZ1096 Azerbaijan.",
    "Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Pharmaceutical Sciences Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran.",
    "Engineering Faculty, Near East University Mersin 10 Nicosia 99138 North Cyprus Turkey."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Amal Al-Ghrairi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Saeed Mohammad Sorouraddin",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2874-2754"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1144-4523"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Mir Ali Farajzadeh",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3746-0011"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c5q0pedqt4sc7.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1039/d6ra06858h",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13691999",
  "id": "c5q0pedqt4sc7",
  "issns": [
    "2046-2069"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42921203",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Chemistry"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1602|Analytical chemistry methods development"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223289809",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13691999?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13691999",
  "pmid": "42921203",
  "published": "2026-10-23",
  "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c5q0pedqt4sc7.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:33Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42921203",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42921203"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-07T12:23:38Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13691999",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ra06858h"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1602|Analytical chemistry methods development",
      "subfield": "analytical"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Fabrication and application of an ionic liquid-agarose-glycerin composite for the liquid phase microextraction of fluoroquinolones from water and wastewater samples prior to HPLC-PDA.",
  "title_text": "Fabrication and application of an ionic liquid-agarose-glycerin composite for the liquid phase microextraction of fluoroquinolones from water and wastewater samples prior to HPLC-PDA.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T12:21:07Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c5q0pedqt4sc7",
  "venue": "RSC advances",
  "versions": []
}