{
  "abstract": "Achromatic metalenses are essential for enabling compact, full-color imaging systems in augmented and virtual reality displays. Here, we present printable 3D achromatic metalenses using grayscale electron beam lithography (EBL) and dry etching-based height-encoded nano-template. By integrating nanoimprint lithography (NIL) from a nano-template without a soft mold, we realize high fidelity and throughput of 3D achromatic metalenses. The imprinted 3D meta-atoms provide controllable height diversity, introducing an additional degree of freedom for phase engineering even on a low-index resin platform. We design the metalens using a library-based phase-matching, where precomputed electromagnetic responses are used to select meta-atoms that best reproduce the hyperbolic phase simultaneously at RGB wavelengths. Our 3D achromatic metalens with a numerical aperture of 0.31 achieves diffraction-limited focusing at the same focal length across RGB wavelengths. The measured focusing efficiencies are 14.8%, 11.3%, and 12.3% at 450, 532, and 635 nm, respectively. As a proof of concept, we apply our 3D achromatic metalenses to a VR imaging platform, achieving a full-colour image. This work highlights grayscale EBL and NIL as a critical solution for achieving both aberration-free performance and scalable production, paving the way for next-generation compact and full-colour meta-optics.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea",
    "Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea. jsrho@postech.ac.kr",
    "Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea. jsrho@postech.ac.kr",
    "Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea. jsrho@postech.ac.kr",
    "National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, Republic of Korea. jsrho@postech.ac.kr",
    "POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, Republic of Korea. jsrho@postech.ac.kr"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Youngsun Jeon",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-8231-1772"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "C. G. Park",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-0533-3739"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Junhwa Seong",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3171-9507"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2,
        3,
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Junsuk Rho",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2179-2890"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c78m5qrd5b94y.bib",
  "cited_by": 6,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41467-026-73940-1",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "c78m5qrd5b94y",
  "issns": [
    "2041-1723"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-73940-1",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2504|Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7163039440",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-73940-1_reference.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13392276",
  "pmid": "42225655",
  "published": "2026-06-01",
  "publisher": "Nature Portfolio",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c78m5qrd5b94y.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-05T13:21:13Z",
      "native_id": "W7163039440",
      "source": "openalex",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-73940-1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2504|Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Printable grayscale nano-template for full-colour organic light-emitting diode near-eye displays with 3D achromatic metalenses",
  "title_text": "Printable grayscale nano-template for full-colour organic light-emitting diode near-eye displays with 3D achromatic metalenses",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T13:20:57Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c78m5qrd5b94y",
  "venue": "Nature Communications",
  "versions": []
}