{
  "abstract": "Thioredoxins (TRXs) are small central redox proteins involved in stress responses and plant development, but their hormone-dependent regulation remains poorly characterized. In this study, a genome-wide identification of the TRX family in Triticum aestivum (Ta) was performed using Arabidopsis thaliana TRXs as orthologs. Phylogenetic analysis allowed the identification of a total of 48 TRXs, including 22 typical TRXs, 22 atypical TRXs, and four thioredoxin reductases (TRs). The identified classes in wheat were conserved compared with the Arabidopsis genome; however, no extra classes were identified. To assess the regulation of the wheat TRX genes under hormonal treatments, including abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ET), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), an in silico analysis was performed using the GEO dataset. The transcriptomic analysis and the quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) validation revealed that the atypical TRXs were more responsive to hormones than the typical TRXs and TRs . Among these atypical TRX members, atypical cysteine/histidine rich thioredoxin (ACHT), chloroplast drought stress protein of 32 kDa (CDSP32), nucleoredoxin (NRX), and TRX-L3 groups were the most hormone-responsive. ABA strongly upregulated the TaACHT4.2 gene, whereas TaNRX1.1 responded to IAA and ET. On the other hand, ABA, IAA, ET, and MeJA downregulated TaCDSP32.1 , TaNRX1.2 , TaNRX1.3 , and ACHT members. The molecular docking analysis suggested a potential interaction between the selected atypical TRXs and ABA, IAA, and MeJA. The multidomain TRXs, such as TaCDSP32.1 and TaNRX1.1, showed a high affinity for ABA and IAA, whereas TaTRX-L3.1.3 showed a high affinity for MeJA. This study highlights the importance and potential functions of poorly characterized atypical TRXs as hormone-responsive redox regulatory nodes in wheat and provides a basis for future functional validation under hormonal and stress conditions, as well as during plant development.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Biology, Sultan Qaboos University",
    "School of Life Sciences, University of Essex"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mohammed Hashim Bouzenita"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Rana Adnan Tahir"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Mengjie Fan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Aisha Shabib Estanbooli"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Kamel Chibani"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c7pzfxgs2tzxx.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fpls.2026.1911123",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13687799",
  "id": "c7pzfxgs2tzxx",
  "issns": [
    "1664-462X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1911123/full",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|Redox biology and oxidative stress"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220963827",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13687799?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13687799",
  "pmid": "42923194",
  "published": "2026-10-08",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c7pzfxgs2tzxx.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:25Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fpls.2026.1911123",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1911123/full"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:36Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42923194",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42923194"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1312|Redox biology and oxidative stress",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Thioredoxins as hormone-responsive redox regulators in wheat: transcriptomic and structural insights",
  "title_text": "Thioredoxins as hormone-responsive redox regulators in wheat: transcriptomic and structural insights",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:36Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c7pzfxgs2tzxx",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Plant Science",
  "versions": []
}