{
  "abstract": "Geopolymer concrete (GPC), here defined primarily as concrete based on low-calcium alkali-activated aluminosilicate binders, exhibits durability responses that depend strongly on precursor chemistry, gel assemblage, pore structure and exposure conditions; high-calcium or slag-rich systems are therefore discussed separately as related alkali-activated material (AAM) systems. This critical review synthesizes representative peer-reviewed evidence on freeze-thaw cycling, drying and autogenous shrinkage, elevated-temperature/fire exposure, chloride, sulfate and acid attack, carbonation, reinforcement corrosion and coupled multi-hazard deterioration. The evidence indicates that freeze-thaw damage is governed by pore-water phase change, cracking and transport-pathway formation, while chemical attack involves ion ingress, dealkalization, dealumination/decalcification and elemental leaching. Direct coupled evidence is strongest for freeze-thaw combined with chloride/salt or sulfate exposure; shrinkage-transport interactions are mainly correlation-supported, whereas carbonation-chloride-freeze-thaw-related corrosion remains largely a mechanism-based inference. Future work should prioritize standardized sequential multi-hazard protocols, chemistry-specific parameter databases and field-calibrated transport/corrosion models to support reliable service-life prediction and engineering design.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Intelligent Construction and Civil Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China.",
    "School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jiale Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Fei Yang",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-8010-5791"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ran Hai"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Wenhao Mi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Cun Hui",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2604-4250"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c9fyx3zeh2dr4.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ma19194050",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13665737",
  "id": "c9fyx3zeh2dr4",
  "issns": [
    "1996-1944"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42882551",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2205|Concrete and Cement Materials Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214016409",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13665737?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13665737",
  "pmid": "42882551",
  "published": "2026-09-22",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c9fyx3zeh2dr4.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:16Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42882551",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42882551"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [],
  "title": "Durability Degradation Mechanisms and Coupled Deterioration Behaviors of Geopolymer Concrete Under Multi-Hazard Service Environments: A Critical Review.",
  "title_text": "Durability Degradation Mechanisms and Coupled Deterioration Behaviors of Geopolymer Concrete Under Multi-Hazard Service Environments: A Critical Review.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:16Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/c9fyx3zeh2dr4",
  "venue": "Materials (Basel, Switzerland)",
  "versions": []
}