{
  "abstract": "In collisionless plasma turbulence, energy is transferred from electromagnetic fluctuations to the particles. However, the relative contributions of different ion energisation mechanisms remain unclear. We investigate ion energisation in three-dimensional hybrid Vlasov--Maxwell simulations of decaying turbulence at $β_{i0}=0.25$ and $β_{i0}=4$, where $β_{i0}$ is the initial ratio of ion thermal to magnetic pressure. Using the exact ion momentum equation, we decompose the ion energisation rate $\\mathbf{j}_i\\mathbf{\\cdot}\\mathbf{E}$ into the work done on the parallel, diamagnetic, curvature, agyrotropic and polarisation ion currents. This decomposition requires neither gyrotropy nor scale separation and, therefore, remains valid where guiding-centre theory breaks down. We show that the agyrotropic term, which has no guiding-centre counterpart, accounts for $21\\,\\%$ of the energisation at $β_{i0}=0.25$ and $91\\,\\%$ at $β_{i0}=4$. We find that the dominant instantaneous energisation term changes with $β_{i0}$, from the polarisation current at low $β_{i0}$ to the diamagnetic and agyrotropic currents at high $β_{i0}$, at all resolved scales. In addition, we show that reversible exchange with the ion bulk flow dominates the instantaneous rate, so the time-integrated energy transfer is larger at $β_{i0}=4$ even though the instantaneous rate is smaller. Our results provide quantitative evidence that guiding-centre drifts alone cannot describe ion energisation in kinetic-scale turbulence and that the dominant energisation term depends on $β_i$. The results also highlight the key role of non-local thermodynamic-equilibrium effects in energy conversion in collisionless plasma turbulence.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2610.23740",
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "L. Richard"
    },
    {
      "name": "S. S. Cerri"
    },
    {
      "name": "O. Pezzi"
    },
    {
      "name": "C. Granier"
    },
    {
      "name": "J. M. TenBarge"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cccc26mdrjrm5.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2610.23740",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "cccc26mdrjrm5",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.23740",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "physics.plasm-ph"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3103|Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222919926",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.23740",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-16",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cccc26mdrjrm5.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:30:32Z",
      "native_id": "2610.23740",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.23740"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "arxiv:physics.plasm-ph",
      "subfield": "plasma"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Eulerian ion energisation in three-dimensional hybrid-Vlasov-Maxwell turbulence",
  "title_text": "Eulerian ion energisation in three-dimensional hybrid-Vlasov-Maxwell turbulence",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:33:28Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cccc26mdrjrm5",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}