{
  "abstract": "Human–computer interaction has primarily relied on visual, auditory, and tactile channels, while olfaction remains comparatively underrepresented in general-purpose mobile computing. Recent advances in electronic noses, smartphone-connected gas sensors, artificial intelligence-based scent creation, and wearable olfactory displays provide important foundations for integrating smell into digital systems. However, a unified architecture in which a smartphone-centered multimodal large language model coordinates olfactory input, semantic interpretation, context-dependent scent generation, and feedback-based correction remains a research direction requiring systematic investigation.\n\nThis paper proposes Smartphone-Native Bidirectional Olfactory Multimodal Large Language Models (SBOM-LLMs), a conceptual framework that integrates olfactory sensing and physical scent output with multimodal large language model reasoning. The proposed architecture consists of six components: a smartphone host, an olfactory acquisition interface, an olfactory representation encoder, a multimodal reasoning controller, a constrained scent-generation planner, and a physical olfactory output interface. The framework supports two complementary capabilities: translating environmental odor measurements into machine-interpretable semantic representations and translating multimodal intentions into controlled physical scent outputs. A closed-loop mechanism compares intended scent specifications with sensor measurements and available delivery telemetry, enabling iterative adjustment when appropriate. The paper formalizes the architecture, defines candidate optimization objectives, proposes an experimental evaluation protocol, and discusses safety, calibration, personalization, and hardware constraints. This work presents a conceptual research framework rather than a validated implementation. Its potential contribution lies in the integration and coordination of existing olfactory technologies with general-purpose multimodal reasoning, not in claiming to invent electronic noses or digital scent displays.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 1,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Jincheng Zhang",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-1860-0009"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ccp0ct83r7zn4.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.23494215",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "ccp0ct83r7zn4",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://zenodo.org/records/23494215",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/23494215/files/Smartphone-Native%20Bidirectional%20Olfactory%20Multimodal%20Large%20Language%20Models.pdf/content",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-20",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ccp0ct83r7zn4.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T12:21:18Z",
      "native_id": "23494215",
      "source": "zenodo",
      "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/23494215"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [],
  "title": "Smartphone-Native Bidirectional Olfactory Multimodal Large Language Models: A Unified Framework for Smell Sensing, Semantic Reasoning, Scent Generation, and Closed-Loop Olfactory Interaction",
  "title_text": "Smartphone-Native Bidirectional Olfactory Multimodal Large Language Models: A Unified Framework for Smell Sensing, Semantic Reasoning, Scent Generation, and Closed-Loop Olfactory Interaction",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-03T12:21:18Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ccp0ct83r7zn4",
  "venue": "Zenodo",
  "versions": []
}