{
  "abstract": "Observations by the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) will contain time-varying, cyclostationary confusion noise from the Galaxy, which is naturally handled using time-frequency analysis methods. We present a fast, forward model that maps the parameterized Galactic gravitational-wave luminosity density onto the annually modulated, unresolved confusion foreground in the complete set of time-delay interferometry channels. The line-of-sight luminosity integral is evaluated on a HEALPix grid and decomposed into spherical harmonics, while the detector response is decomposed analytically, independent of the Galaxy model, such that a new Galactic model costs a single map evaluation, transformation, and contraction. We compute the modulated covariance beyond the standard low-frequency limit, expanding the LISA response to second order in finite armlength corrections, and to first order in the unequal-arm corrections. These effects change the normalized modulation curves by up to $\\sim\\!0.23\\%$ and $0.64\\%$ for finite armlength corrections at $3$ and $5$ mHz respectively, and by $\\sim\\!0.074\\%$ and $0.71\\%$ for unequal-arm corrections in the self and cross channels respectively. Using the fast, forward model and a notional disk-and-bulge Galaxy model, we construct a Fisher matrix from the time-dependent channel covariance and forecast that one year of observation constrains the disk scale width and scale height relative to the distance to the Galactic center at the $8\\%$ and $12\\%$ levels respectively, and leaves the strongly correlated bulge fraction and bulge radius individually unconstrained.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2610.07977",
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Sudhi Mathur"
    },
    {
      "name": "Neil J. Cornish"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ccr95ahck6a38.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2610.07977",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "ccr95ahck6a38",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.07977",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "LicenseRef-arXiv-nonexclusive-1.0",
  "licence_label": "arXiv licence",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "astro-ph.IM"
    ],
    [
      "arxiv",
      "gr-qc"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3103|Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220944864",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.07977",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-06",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ccr95ahck6a38.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:27:22Z",
      "native_id": "2610.07977",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.07977"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "arxiv:astro-ph.IM",
      "subfield": "instrumentation-methods"
    },
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "arxiv:gr-qc",
      "subfield": "gravitation"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Time-Frequency Analysis for LISA: Galactic Foreground Modulation",
  "title_text": "Time-Frequency Analysis for LISA: Galactic Foreground Modulation",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:27:22Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ccr95ahck6a38",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}