{
  "abstract": "Identifying the smallest active unit capable of ligating RNA in the absence of proteins is important to elucidate ribozyme evolution. Here, we aimed to construct an evolutionary model of the L1 ligase ribozyme. The miniaturized L1 ligase ribozyme (L1X6c2) consists of three stems: Stems A, B, and C. Mutants with shortened stems B and C were used to examine whether ligation occurred. In the mutant where both stems were simultaneously shortened, no ligation products were observed. We also constructed mutants with nucleotide deletions, measured their ligation-product signals after 24 h, and identified the structures crucial for ligation. A split mutant, formed by cleaving L1X6c2 at stem B, showed a ligation-product signal after 24 h close to that of L1X6c2, whereas another split mutant, formed by cleaving L1X6c2 at stem C, exhibited decreased activity. Although non-Watson–Crick base pairs near the ligation site did not affect ligation, the presence of G1 was important for ligation. Mutational analysis suggested that strong interactions between G1 and A51 in the G1–A51–U38 base triple are responsible for the base specificity of A51. Moreover, consecutive base pairs on each stem subtly contribute to the stability of the ribozyme folded into a compact structure to create a catalytic pocket.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan",
    "Department of Applied Electronics, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan",
    "Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yuki Nitta"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Misaki Kato"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yunoka Takagi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yusuke Saga",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2385-3236"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Tadashi Ando"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hiromi Mutsuro-Aoki"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Koji Tamura"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ce62w923wvepd.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ijms27209107",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13705289/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "ce62w923wvepd",
  "issns": [
    "1422-0067"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/20/9107",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221793554",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13705289/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13705289",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ce62w923wvepd.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:55Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/ijms27209107",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/20/9107"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:47Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13705289",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13705289"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1312|RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Analysis of Ligation Activity in Miniaturized L1 Ligase Ribozyme Variants Down to 49 nt and in Split Ribozyme Forms",
  "title_text": "Analysis of Ligation Activity in Miniaturized L1 Ligase Ribozyme Variants Down to 49 nt and in Split Ribozyme Forms",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:47Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ce62w923wvepd",
  "venue": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences",
  "versions": []
}