{
  "abstract": "Brewer's spent grain (BSG), the main side-stream of beer brewing, is an abundant and low-cost source of plant protein with limited digestibility. Fermentation pre-treatment may improve protein quality by altering amino acid composition and increasing protein accessibility. This study investigated whether the solid-state fermentation of BSG with Rhizopus oligosporus could improve amino acid composition and further elicit a greater postprandial amino acid response after the consumption of BSG-incorporated biscuits in adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Control biscuits (100% wheat flour) and biscuits with a 30% substitution of autoclaved BSG and fermented BSG were prepared. Compositional improvements were evaluated via an analysis of total and free amino acids and the amino acid score calculated against adult indispensable amino acid requirements. Fifteen adults with MetS then consumed 90 g of each biscuit in a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial, with postprandial plasma amino acids assessed over 120 min. Incorporating BSG increased the total amino acid content in biscuits, while fermentation further increased free amino acid content. The lysine amino acid score also increased from 0.57 (Control) to 0.81 (fermented BSG). Despite these compositional improvements, postprandial total and essential amino acid responses did not differ between biscuits, indicating a disconnect between improved protein composition and postprandial amino acid responses in individuals with MetS.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.",
    "Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore.",
    "Bezos Center for Sustainable Protein, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zi Ning Leong",
      "orcid": "0009-0003-9129-6192"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yujing Xu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jialin Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yidan Chang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Gregory Chung Tsing Chan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jung Eun Kim",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3912-9042"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cfas8tf1asjd5.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/foods15193558",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13664953",
  "id": "cfas8tf1asjd5",
  "issns": [
    "2304-8158"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42883665",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1106|Food and Agricultural Sciences"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221001310",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13664953?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13664953",
  "pmid": "42883665",
  "published": "2026-10-07",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cfas8tf1asjd5.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:00Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42883665",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42883665"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [],
  "title": "Protein Composition and Postprandial Aminoacidemia of Biscuits Fortified with Brewer's Spent Grain and Fermented Brewer's Spent Grain in Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome.",
  "title_text": "Protein Composition and Postprandial Aminoacidemia of Biscuits Fortified with Brewer's Spent Grain and Fermented Brewer's Spent Grain in Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:00Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cfas8tf1asjd5",
  "venue": "Foods (Basel, Switzerland)",
  "versions": []
}