{
  "abstract": "A novel quad-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with enhanced isolation is proposed by incorporating a specifically designed hybrid defected ground structure (DGS) for dual band 5G mmWave wireless applications. This suggested MIMO antenna system features a distinctive DGS, consisting of a central circular slot combined with four surrounding trapezoidal cut-outs at the base of the ground plane for enhanced isolation and comprises four identical elliptical monopole elements. Initially, a four-element MIMO system is developed to achieve optimal performance. Subsequently, the conFigd hybrid DGS is included in the proposed structure to improve the isolation by effectively analyzing the impact of alterations in the various geometrical parameters of the DGS. The designed MIMO radiator resonates at 26.73/38.29 GHz and operates from 26.39 to 27.04 GHz and from 38.11 to 38.47 GHz, achieving gains of 4.80 dBi and 7.61 dBi at 26.73 GHz and 38.29 GHz, respectively, maintaining a compact size of 21 mm × 21 mm (1.849 λ × 1.849 λ). The designed four-port MIMO radiator demonstrates exceptional performance in terms of various impedance, radiation and diversity metrics. The design and simulation studies are conducted using the CST simulation tool. Finally, the intended antenna has been prototyped and experimentally tested, confirming the correctness of the simulation analysis. The proposed antenna partially operates within 5G NR mmWave n258/n260 bands and is suitable for 5G Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) applications.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "LMIET FST of Settat, University of Hassan, Settat, Casablanca-Settat, Morocco",
    "Physical Sciences and Technology Innovation Laboratory, Higher School of Technology of Nador, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco",
    "Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, IMPS College of Engineering & Technology, Malda, West Bengal, India",
    "Laboratory of Innovative Technologies and Computer Science, Higher School of Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco",
    "Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India",
    "Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Guntur, Andra Pradesh, India",
    "Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia",
    "Electrical Department, College of Engineering, Alexandria Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, Alexandria, Egypt"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mohammed Bendaoued"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Anouar Es-saleh"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Soufian Lakrit"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Sudipta Das"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Abdelhamid Bou-El-Harmel"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Manish Varun Yadav"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Boddapati Traka Phani Madhav"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Heba G. Mohamed"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cfxs8nepkg04c.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0358640",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "cfxs8nepkg04c",
  "issns": [
    "1932-6203"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0358640",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2202|Antenna Design and Analysis"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Genetics/Gene expression/Gene regulation/Enhancer elements"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Engineering and technology/Equipment/Communication equipment/Antennas"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Engineering and technology/Signal processing/Signal bandwidth"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Engineering and technology/Technology development/Prototypes"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Engineering and technology/Telecommunications/Multiplexing"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Physics/Classical mechanics/Reflection"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Physics/Electromagnetic radiation/Electromagnetic interference"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Physics/Resonance/Resonance frequency"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214648194",
  "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0358640&type=printable",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-28",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cfxs8nepkg04c.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:37Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0358640",
      "source": "plos",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0358640"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "plos:gene expression",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "A flower-shaped dual-band four port MIMO antenna with novel DGS for 5G mmWave applications",
  "title_text": "A flower-shaped dual-band four port MIMO antenna with novel DGS for 5G mmWave applications",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:37Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cfxs8nepkg04c",
  "venue": "PLOS One",
  "versions": []
}