{
  "abstract": "Temporal interference stimulation (TIS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that exploits frequency-shifted kHz fields to modulate oscillatory neural activity. While human studies suggest TIS efficacy in targeting relatively deep brain structures, recent computational modeling and animal studies indicate potential off-target stimulations via standard TIS protocols. Here, we computationally optimized TIS targeting for the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in mice. Combining in vivo electrophysiological recordings, intracellular calcium dynamics with fiber photometry, and functional MRI, we confirmed TIS-induced amplitude modulation, neuronal entrainment, and hemodynamic responses in the mPFC, while also identifying off-target modulations. To mitigate off-target effects, we introduced a configuration with three electrode pairs, one of which is actively phase-shifted by 180°. This canceling field enhanced TIS focality, thereby reducing off-target effects without compromising TIS efficacy in the target area. This work effectively addresses one of TIS's most critical shortcomings and opens new avenues for research and clinical applications. A record of this paper's transparent peer review process is included in the supplemental information.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Decision Neuroscience Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland",
    "Decision Neuroscience lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland",
    "International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic",
    "Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland",
    "Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, United States",
    "Department of Neurology, Insel University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland",
    "Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland",
    "Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland",
    "Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland",
    "Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland",
    "Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS) UMR_S 110, Marseille, France",
    "CIBM Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland",
    "Neuro-X Institute, School of Engineering (STI), EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland",
    "Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS) UMR_S, 1106 Marseille, France",
    "International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden",
    "Decision Neuroscience Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Brain, Mind and Markets, Faculty of Business and Economics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia",
    "Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: valerio.zerbi@unige.ch"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 15,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Iurii Savvateev",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-5159-7239"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Florian Missey",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8386-0377"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Valeriia Beliaeva",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3515-7265"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Sofia Peressotti"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Marija Markicevic",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0983-432X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8,
        6,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Diana Kindler"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9,
        10
      ],
      "name": "Fabrice Chaudun"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9,
        10,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Giulia Casarotto"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Camilla Bellone"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9,
        11,
        12
      ],
      "name": "Christian Lüscher"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Daniel Razansky",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8676-0964"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        13
      ],
      "name": "Viktor Jirsa",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8251-8860"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        14
      ],
      "name": "Adam Williamson",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5632-0084"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        15
      ],
      "name": "Rafael Hernán Polanía",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6176-6806"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        16
      ],
      "name": "Valerio Zerbi",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7984-9565"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cfyczbs6mcf3a.bib",
  "cited_by": 14,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.cels.2026.101610",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "cfyczbs6mcf3a",
  "issns": [
    "2405-4712",
    "2405-4720",
    "2639-5460"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cels.2026.101610",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2808|Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W4390154867",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": "42134331",
  "published": "2026-05-14",
  "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cfyczbs6mcf3a.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:26:53Z",
      "native_id": "W4390154867",
      "source": "openalex",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cels.2026.101610"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2808|Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies",
      "subfield": "neurology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Multipair phase-modulated temporal interference electrical stimulation combined with fMRI",
  "title_text": "Multipair phase-modulated temporal interference electrical stimulation combined with fMRI",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T13:20:36Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cfyczbs6mcf3a",
  "venue": "Cell Systems",
  "versions": []
}