{
  "abstract": "Background: Globally, 14.3 million children remain unvaccinated, with a large proportion residing in low- and middle-income countries, including Nigeria. Despite ongoing efforts to improve immunisation coverage, substantial gaps in uptake persist. Aim: This study assessed caregivers’ perceptions of routine immunisation service performance across five domains: availability, accessibility, quality of care, responsiveness and satisfaction in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Setting: Ten Local Government Areas in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Methods: A mixed-methods study combining a descriptive cross-sectional survey with qualitative in-depth interviews was conducted among caregivers of children under 5 years in 10 purposively selected local government areas (LGAs) in Adamawa State. Quantitatively, 685 caregivers were selected using probability proportional to size sampling from catchment settlements of supported facilities. Qualitatively, 120 caregivers (12 per LGA) were purposively selected for in-depth interviews. Data were collected using a community scorecard and a structured interview guide. Results: Routine immunisation performance varied across LGAs and domains. Guyuk recorded the highest scores for availability (81.3), quality of care (84.6), responsiveness (81.3), and satisfaction (89.2), while Toungo recorded the lowest scores across most domains. Accessibility demonstrated the greatest variability, with lower scores observed in Fufore, Numan and Toungo. Qualitative findings showed that respectful communication, perceived vaccine benefits and positive provider interactions enhanced caregiver satisfaction, while delays, travel burden and poor queue management reduced service experience. Conclusion: Improving session timeliness, health worker availability, vaccine supply and respectful communication may strengthen routine immunisation uptake and equity, particularly in lower-performing LGAs. Contribution: This study provides community-level evidence on routine immunisation service experience and satisfaction.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Sydani Initiative for International Development, Sydani Group, Abuja",
    "Sydani Institute for Research and Innovation, Sydani Group, Abuja, Nigeria; and Department of Statistics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Abuja, Abuja",
    "Sydani Group, Abuja"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 12,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Akolade U. Jimoh"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Rauf I. Rauf"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Sunday Atobatele"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Daniel Azuka"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Stephen O. Asaolu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Edikan Uwatt"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Oladayo Awoyale"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Akudo Alli"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ejovi Akpojaro"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Temitope Kassim"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Kehinde Olu-Onifade"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Sidney Sampson"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cgm44gpk715hs.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.4102/phcfm.v18i1.5613",
  "fulltext_url": "https://phcfm.org/index.php/phcfm/article/view/5613",
  "id": "cgm44gpk715hs",
  "issns": [
    "2071-2928",
    "2071-2936"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v18i1.5613",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "R"
    ],
    [
      "lcc",
      "RA1-1270"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3306|Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223103045",
  "pdf_url": "https://phcfm.org/index.php/phcfm/article/download/5613/9827",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "AOSIS",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cgm44gpk715hs.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-06T14:21:08Z",
      "native_id": "02fb321555f94dabb7b9a31c5193e0cc",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v18i1.5613"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "lcc:RA1-1270",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Caregivers’ perceptions of routine immunisation service performance across availability, accessibility, quality, responsiveness and satisfaction in Adamawa State, Nigeria: A mixed-methods study",
  "title_text": "Caregivers’ perceptions of routine immunisation service performance across availability, accessibility, quality, responsiveness and satisfaction in Adamawa State, Nigeria: A mixed-methods study",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T14:20:22Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cgm44gpk715hs",
  "venue": "African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine",
  "versions": []
}