{
  "abstract": "Reactive graphitic nanofibers (r-GNFs) dispersed in epoxy increase the resin’s flexural modulus by approximately 20% at a 0.3 wt% optimum loading, serving as matrices for ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber composites. This study reanalyzes published datasets, constructing a traceable orthotropic material library evaluated in three-point bending via finite element analysis. The isotropic matrix cards successfully reproduce source experimental values, showing a maximum error of 0.50% at a 16:1 span and 0.020% at 32:1. However, for the unidirectional composite, the standard 16:1 span is predicted to yield an apparent flexural modulus of only 77.6–80.7% of the true longitudinal modulus. Crucially, this loss is formulation-dependent: r-GNFs increase the longitudinal modulus considerably more than the axial shear modulus, increasing the anisotropy ratio. Consequently, a 16:1 span underreports the true modulus gain at the optimum loading by 13%—an error that drops significantly when using a 32:1 span. Furthermore, we document issues in the source dataset: a lack of common fiber volume fraction across groups invalidates direct raw modulus comparisons, and the empirical model’s optimum coordinates appear transposed. Finally, a rule-of-mixtures decomposition confirms the 0.3 wt% optimum, revealing a statistically significant residual excess stiffness exclusively at this loading.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Yeditepe University, 26 Ağustos Campus, İnönü Mah., Kayışdağı Cad. 326A, Ataşehir, 34755 İstanbul, Türkiye"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mehmet Vakkas Oğul",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-2265-4324"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Halil İbrahim Yavuz",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5610-7507"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Umut Kaan Özbaş",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-5186-9003"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/chc0g9x73n0kg.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/polym18212647",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "chc0g9x73n0kg",
  "issns": [
    "2073-4360"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/21/2647",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2211|Composite Material Mechanics"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223667070",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-26",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/chc0g9x73n0kg.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:44Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/polym18212647",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/21/2647"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "issn:2073-4360",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Evaluating Measurement Bias in Flexural Modulus of Orthotropic UHMWPE Fiber/Nano-Epoxy Composites: A Finite Element Study",
  "title_text": "Evaluating Measurement Bias in Flexural Modulus of Orthotropic UHMWPE Fiber/Nano-Epoxy Composites: A Finite Element Study",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:44Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/chc0g9x73n0kg",
  "venue": "Polymers",
  "versions": []
}