{
  "abstract": "This study reviews the various micro- and nano-plastic (MNP) pollution, which demands immediate mitigation strategies in aquatic ecosystems to ensure an effective, scalable, and sustainable solution. The focus is summarising the physical, chemical, and biological processes to remediate MNP contamination. Physical techniques such as adsorption, flotation, and filtration are also considered representative strategies. Pollutants like biochar and carbon nanotubes can be removed by adsorption in plants. However, there is a risk of secondary pollution from this. Advanced filtration methods, such as sand filtration and membrane bioreactor, can achieve very high removal efficiency, but problems with membrane fouling limit scalability. Flotation holds tremendous potential if the right conditions are implemented. It also includes the chemical degradation methods (polar media like hydrogen peroxide and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and thermal degradation. Some AOPs rely on reactive species to degrade plastics, but they typically follow an energy-intensive route, whereas thermal degradation can decompose plastics with its own environmental cost. A molecular approach involving biological remediation, involving microbial and enzymatic degradation, is perceived as an environmentally friendly solution. Organisms with promising plastic-degrading abilities include Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus, genetically engineered microorganisms, and fungal treatments. Moreover, the degradation of MNPs plays a substantial role in microbial biofilms. Nanotechnology is a potential supplement to MNP remediation processes, especially engineered nanoparticles. However, the study highlights the need for further research to optimise these methods, improve scalability, and ensure environmental safety, recommending a multi-faceted approach to ensure the effective and sustainable mitigation of MNP pollution.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Food and Biotechnology Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Centre",
    "Department of Public Health, The University of Lahore",
    "Department of Zoology, University of Central Punjab",
    "Department of Medical Education, University of Health Sciences",
    "Department of Chemistry, Government Graduate College for Women",
    "Department of Zoology, Minhaj University Lahore",
    "Department of Diagnostics, Green Polyclinic Lahore",
    "Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab",
    "Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Centre"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 18,
  "authors": [
    {
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        0
      ],
      "name": "Ishrat Perveen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Muhammad Yaqoob"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Nimra Afzal"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Malik Muhammad Qasim"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Muhammad Maaz Arif"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Samia Nawab"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Arooj ul Hassan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Sumbal Nazir"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Naseem Sajjad"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Tallat Anwar Faridi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Hibbah Qaiser"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Hafiz Muhammad Abrar Awan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Naaz Abbas"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yasar Saleem"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sania Mazhar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shaista Nawaz"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Quratulain Syed"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Syed Hussain Imam Abidi"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/chkdxbz3p4qq8.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1186/s42834-026-00286-0",
  "fulltext_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s42834-026-00286-0",
  "id": "chkdxbz3p4qq8",
  "issns": [
    "2468-2039"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s42834-026-00286-0",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "TD1-1066"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2310|Microplastics and Plastic Pollution"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7170835187",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-07-01",
  "publisher": "BMC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/chkdxbz3p4qq8.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:46:29Z",
      "native_id": "f5f1d7c147a34b468997144a3c326616",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s42834-026-00286-0"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "openalex:2310|Microplastics and Plastic Pollution",
      "subfield": "environmental-science"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Ecotoxicity and interactions of micro- and nano-plastics in aquatic environments: advancing towards standardized mitigation approaches",
  "title_text": "Ecotoxicity and interactions of micro- and nano-plastics in aquatic environments: advancing towards standardized mitigation approaches",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T13:46:29Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/chkdxbz3p4qq8",
  "venue": "Sustainable Environment Research",
  "versions": []
}