{
  "abstract": "The XENONnT dark matter experiment utilizes a dual-phase time projection chamber (TPC) housed in a cryostat filled with 8.5 t of ultra-pure liquid xenon. To achieve optimal sensitivity, free electrons generated by particle interactions are required to drift across the 1.5-meter detector under an electric field. Dissolved impurities, particularly oxygen (O$_2$), can attenuate the resulting charge signal due to electron attachment. XENONnT demands an O$_2$-equivalent concentration below 100 parts per trillion (ppt) to enable its dark matter sensitivity reach. A novel liquid-phase xenon purification system was developed that continuously circulates liquid xenon through custom-designed, packed-bed sorbent purifier units at a volumetric flow rate of $\\sim$2 liters per minute (L/min) at a cryogenic temperature around 175 K. With a purification time constant of approximately 25 h, the system reached the required purity within five days. The purification strategy employs a two-step approach: For an initial cleanup, a purifier based on a copper catalyst on high-surface-area alumina support (Q5) removes impurities from the liquid xenon bulk with nearly 100% efficiency, ideal for initial detector filling or after long-term maintenance. However, the high $^{222}$Rn emanation rate of the Q5 catalyst leads to increased background in the detector. In a second step, a purifier with sintered pellets of non-evaporable getter alloy (St707) ensures sustained purity with negligible background impact. The St707-based purifier exhibits a 55% efficiency, sufficient for normal operation. Following system commissioning, XENONnT achieved an O$_2$-equivalent concentration in liquid xenon below 19 ppt during its first science run. With this exceptional purity, over 86% of generated electrons survive a full drift across the TPC.",
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    {
      "name": "E. Aprile"
    },
    {
      "name": "J. Aalbers"
    },
    {
      "name": "K. Abe"
    },
    {
      "name": "M. Abu Rmilah"
    },
    {
      "name": "M. Adrover"
    },
    {
      "name": "S. Ahmed Maouloud"
    },
    {
      "name": "L. Althueser"
    },
    {
      "name": "B. Andrieu"
    },
    {
      "name": "E. Angelino"
    },
    {
      "name": "D. Antón Martin"
    },
    {
      "name": "S. R. Armbruster"
    },
    {
      "name": "F. Arneodo"
    },
    {
      "name": "L. Baudis"
    },
    {
      "name": "M. Bazyk"
    },
    {
      "name": "V. Beligotti"
    },
    {
      "name": "L. Bellagamba"
    },
    {
      "name": "R. Biondi"
    },
    {
      "name": "K. Boese"
    },
    {
      "name": "R. M. Braun"
    },
    {
      "name": "G. Bruni"
    },
    {
      "name": "R. Budnik"
    },
    {
      "name": "C. Cai"
    },
    {
      "name": "C. Capelli"
    },
    {
      "name": "J. M. R. Cardoso"
    },
    {
      "name": "A. P. Cimental Chávez"
    },
    {
      "name": "A. P. Colijn"
    },
    {
      "name": "J. Conrad"
    },
    {
      "name": "J. J. Cuenca-García"
    },
    {
      "name": "H. Dai"
    },
    {
      "name": "V. D'Andrea"
    },
    {
      "name": "L. C. Daniel Garcia"
    },
    {
      "name": "M. P. Decowski"
    },
    {
      "name": "A. Deisting"
    },
    {
      "name": "C. Di Donato"
    },
    {
      "name": "P. Di Gangi"
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    {
      "name": "S. Diglio"
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    {
      "name": "K. Eitel"
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    {
      "name": "S. el Morabit"
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    {
      "name": "R. Elleboro"
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    {
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    {
      "name": "A. D. Ferella"
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    {
      "name": "C. Ferrari"
    },
    {
      "name": "H. Fischer"
    },
    {
      "name": "T. Flehmke"
    },
    {
      "name": "M. Flierman"
    },
    {
      "name": "R. Frankel"
    },
    {
      "name": "D. Fuchs"
    },
    {
      "name": "W. Fulgione"
    },
    {
      "name": "C. Fuselli"
    },
    {
      "name": "F. Gao"
    },
    {
      "name": "R. Giacomobono"
    },
    {
      "name": "R. Glade-Beucke"
    },
    {
      "name": "L. Grandi"
    },
    {
      "name": "J. Grigat"
    },
    {
      "name": "A. Guerrero Ramos"
    },
    {
      "name": "M. Guida"
    },
    {
      "name": "P. Gyorgy"
    },
    {
      "name": "R. Hammann"
    },
    {
      "name": "C. Hils"
    },
    {
      "name": "L. Hoetzsch"
    }
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  "title": "The liquid-phase xenon purification system of the XENONnT dark matter experiment",
  "title_text": "The liquid-phase xenon purification system of the XENONnT dark matter experiment",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T12:20:44Z",
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