{
  "abstract": "Tri-hybrid multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) architectures have been proposed as a promising solution for enabling energy-efficient communications systems in large-scale antenna arrays by replacing conventional antenna arrays in hybrid beamforming (HBF) systems with low-cost dynamic metasurface antennas (DMAs). In this work, we investigate beamforming design for integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) systems based on tri-HBF architectures, with the objective of jointly enhancing the communications sum rate and sensing sum mutual information. Specifically, we formulate a weighted multi-objective optimization problem that balances communications throughput and sensing mutual information, subject to a total transmit power consumption constraint and the physical limitations inherent to tri-HBF architectures. By exploiting the problem structure, we develop an efficient iterative algorithm with closed-form updates to solve the non-convex optimization problem with low complexity. Numerical results are provided to evaluate the performance of the proposed tri-HBF architecture in various setups. The results demonstrate that the proposed tri-HBF architecture can achieve significant improvement in energy efficiency (EE) compared to the conventional hybrid MIMO and DMA-only configurations, at the cost of minor degradations in sum rate and sensing mutual information.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2609.20092",
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Tianyu Fang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mengyuan Ma"
    },
    {
      "name": "Markku Juntti"
    },
    {
      "name": "Inkyu Lee"
    },
    {
      "name": "Joonhyuk Kang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Nhan Thanh Nguyen"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cjcgda3se7tqt.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2609.20092",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "cjcgda3se7tqt",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.20092",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "LicenseRef-arXiv-nonexclusive-1.0",
  "licence_label": "arXiv licence",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "cs.IT"
    ],
    [
      "arxiv",
      "math.IT"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2208|Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7213581858",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.20092",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-17",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cjcgda3se7tqt.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:23Z",
      "native_id": "2609.20092",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.20092"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "mathematics",
      "origin": "arxiv:math.IT",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Tri-Hybrid Beamforming Design for Large-Scale MIMO ISAC Systems",
  "title_text": "Tri-Hybrid Beamforming Design for Large-Scale MIMO ISAC Systems",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:23Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cjcgda3se7tqt",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}