{
  "abstract": "Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an oncogenic retrovirus responsible for enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) in cattle. Previous studies indicated that increased levels of the miRNA hsa-miR-424-5p in milk small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) may serve as an EBL biomarker in cattle; however, its alteration across the clinical stages of BLV infection to the onset of EBL remains unclear. This study evaluated the prognostic potential of hsa-miR-424-5p in milk sEVs across distinct clinical stages of BLV infection to EBL onset. qPCR analysis showed that the abundance of hsa-miR-424-5p was lower in milk sEVs from BLV-infected cattle with low and high proviral load (LPVL and HPVL) compared to BLV-uninfected healthy cattle (Control), but was not significant (p > 0.05). In contrast, the abundance of hsa-miR-424-5p in milk sEVs was significantly higher in EBL cattle than in the Control and HPVL cattle (p < 0.05). Spearman's correlation analysis revealed a significant inverse association between hsa-miR-424-5p and the percentage of lactate dehydrogenase 2 + 3 (r = -0.28, p < 0.001), whereas no significant correlations were observed with other parameters. hsa-miR-424-5p showed the highest discriminative performance in distinguishing BLV-infected cattle from EBL cattle (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.71), followed by Control vs. BLV (AUC = 0.63), indicating statistically meaningful biomarker utility across disease stages. These findings suggest that the amount of hsa-miR-424-5p in milk sEVs increases during the progression from the late stage of BLV infection to EBL onset, demonstrating that hsa-miR-424-5p may serve as a part of the biomarker panel for monitoring BLV progression and predicting EBL onset.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.",
    "Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh.",
    "Institute for Glyco-Core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.",
    "The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.",
    "Division of Instrumental Analysis, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.",
    "Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), Gifu 501-1193, Japan.",
    "Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Md Matiur Rahman"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shota Moriyasu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Yuji O Kamatari",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9573-5162"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Ayaka Okada",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7290-2482"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Yasuo Inoshima",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1189-8392"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cmfbf9jxazgds.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ani16192976",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13663456",
  "id": "cmfbf9jxazgds",
  "issns": [
    "2076-2615"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42882945",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2403|T-cell and Retrovirus Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7213966673",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13663456?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13663456",
  "pmid": "42882945",
  "published": "2026-09-22",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cmfbf9jxazgds.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:16Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42882945",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42882945"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2403|T-cell and Retrovirus Studies",
      "subfield": "immunology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Clinical Stage-Specific Alteration of hsa-miR-424-5p in Milk Small Extracellular Vesicles from Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection to Progression of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis.",
  "title_text": "Clinical Stage-Specific Alteration of hsa-miR-424-5p in Milk Small Extracellular Vesicles from Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection to Progression of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:16Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cmfbf9jxazgds",
  "venue": "Animals : an open access journal from MDPI",
  "versions": []
}