{ "abstract": "Background: Vector-borne diseases remain a major and evolving public health challenge in South America, where arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and malaria continue to expand in incidence and geographic distribution. Insecticides remain central to vector control programs; however, the rapid emergence and spread of insecticide resistance across multiple vector species increasingly threaten the effectiveness and sustainability of these interventions. In response to these challenges, the Worldwide Insecticide Resistance Network—South America (WINSA) organized a regional workshop in Bogotá, Colombia, in March 2026 to assess the current status of insecticide resistance, identify research priorities, and strengthen regional collaboration. Methods: The workshop brought together experts from 13 South American countries and territories representing academia, public health institutions, and international organizations. Sixteen presentations addressed the current status of insecticide resistance in major disease vectors, including mosquitoes and triatomines. Discussions covered surveillance systems, resistance mechanisms, molecular and genomic tools, operational challenges, and innovative vector control strategies. Results: The workshop highlighted widespread resistance to pyrethroids and organophosphates across multiple vector species in South America. High frequencies of knockdown resistance mutations (kdr) and evidence of metabolic resistance mechanisms were reported in several countries, particularly in the dengue vector Aedes aegypti. Emerging resistance to novel insecticide formulations was also identified. Participants emphasized major disparities in surveillance capacity, insufficient standardization of methodologies, and uneven geographical coverage across the region. An Integrated Vector Resistance management framework, integrating biological, molecular, genomic, and spatial surveillance approaches, was proposed to support evidence-based decision-making in vector control. Innovative approaches, including insecticide combinations, spatial repellents, and insecticidal paints, were presented as promising complementary tools for integrated vector management. Conclusions: Insecticide resistance represents a growing threat to the control of arboviral and malaria vectors in South America. Strengthening harmonized surveillance systems, integrating molecular and genomic tools, and improving regional coordination are critical priorities. WINSA provides a strategic scientific and technical platform to support collaborative research, capacity building, harmonized resistance surveillance, and the translation of resistance evidence into information that can support vector-control decision-making across the region.", "abstract_shown": true, "affiliations": [ "Laboratório de Biologia, Controle e Vigilância de Insetos Vetores (LBCVIV), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.", "Grupo de Entomología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia.", "Vector Control Services, Ministry of Health, Georgetown, Guyana.", "Anton de Kom University of Suriname (AdeKUS), Leysweg, Paramaribo, Suriname.", "Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane (IPG), Cayenne, French Guiana, France.", "Arboviruses and Insect Vectors (AIV), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.", "Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), MIVEGEC, CNRS, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.", "Centro de Estudios de Enfermedades Endémicas y Salud Ambiental, SAIAE-MPPS, Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela.", "Universidad de Carabobo, Naguanagua, Carabobo, Venezuela.", "Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México.", "Instituto de Entomología, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.", "Grupo Entomología Médica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay.", "Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay.", "Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (CIPEIN-UNIDEF/CITEDEF/CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.", "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S. CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.", "Laboratorio de Entomología y Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud (INLASA), La Paz, Bolivia.", "Unidad de Bienestar Animal, Secretaría de Salud, Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado del Distrito Metropolitano (UBA-GADMQ), Quito, Ecuador.", "Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.", "Área de Vectores, Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), Chorrillos, Lima, Peru.", "Zoonosis y Vectores, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Montevideo, Uruguay." ], "article_type": "Viewpoints", "arxiv": null, "author_total": 21, "authors": [ { "affs": [ 0 ], "name": "Ademir J Martins", "orcid": "0000-0001-5739-1215" }, { "affs": [ 1 ], "name": "Martha Ahumada" }, { "affs": [ 2 ], "name": "Tashanna S Bowman", "orcid": "0009-0000-8494-8955" }, { "affs": [ 1 ], "name": "Olga Lucia Cabrera" }, { "affs": [ 3 ], "name": "Kartika Doerdjan-Ramoutar" }, { "affs": [ 0 ], "name": "Luciana Dos Santos Dias" }, { "affs": [ 4, 5 ], "name": "Jean-Bernard Duchemin" }, { "affs": [ 6 ], "name": "Stephane Duchon" }, { "affs": [ 7, 8 ], "name": "Luisa Figueroa" }, { "affs": [ 9 ], "name": "Adriana E Flores", "orcid": "0000-0001-8554-8865" }, { "affs": [ 10 ], "name": "Christian R González", "orcid": "0000-0003-2582-6071" }, { "affs": [ 11, 12 ], "name": "Nilsa González-Brítez" }, { "affs": [ 13 ], "name": "Laura Harburguer" }, { "affs": [ 14 ], "name": "Audrey Lenhart" }, { "affs": [ 0 ], "name": "José Bento Pereira Lima" }, { "affs": [ 15 ], "name": "Ronald Lopez" }, { "affs": [ 16 ], "name": "Diego Morales" }, { "affs": [ 17 ], "name": "Martha L Quinones" }, { "affs": [ 18 ], "name": "Miriam Palomino Salcedo" }, { "affs": [ 19 ], "name": "Gabriela Willat" }, { "affs": [ 0, 6 ], "name": "Vincent Corbel" } ], "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cmycjm1am8rtm.bib", "cited_by": 0, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pntd.0014809", "fulltext_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0014809", "id": "cmycjm1am8rtm", "issns": [ "1935-2735", "1935-2727" ], "landing_url": 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"heading", "Organisms" ], [ "heading", "People and places" ], [ "heading", "Public and Occupational Health" ], [ "heading", "South America" ], [ "heading", "Species Interactions" ], [ "heading", "Viewpoints" ], [ "heading", "Zoology" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Agriculture/Agrochemicals/Insecticides" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Eukaryota/Animals/Invertebrates/Arthropoda/Insects/Mosquitoes" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Species interactions/Disease vectors/Insect vectors" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Species interactions/Disease vectors/Insect vectors/Mosquitoes" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Zoology/Animals/Invertebrates/Arthropoda/Insects/Mosquitoes" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Zoology/Entomology/Insects/Mosquitoes" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Epidemiology/Disease surveillance" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Medical conditions/Infectious diseases/Disease vectors/Insect vectors" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Medical conditions/Infectious diseases/Disease vectors/Insect vectors/Mosquitoes" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Medical conditions/Infectious diseases/Infectious disease control" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Public and occupational health" ], [ "plos", "/People and places/Geographical locations/South America" ], [ "plos", "/People and places/Geographical locations/South America/Brazil" ] ], "openalex": null, "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0014809&type=printable", "pmcid": "PMC13722186", "pmid": "42961946", "published": "2026-10-01", "publisher": "Public Library of Science", "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cmycjm1am8rtm.ris", "sources": [ { "first_seen": "2026-10-31T12:20:55Z", "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pntd.0014809", "source": "plos", "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0014809" }, { "first_seen": "2026-10-31T12:21:37Z", "native_id": "PMC:PMC13722186", "source": "europepmc", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13722186" }, { "first_seen": "2026-11-02T03:21:21Z", "native_id": "MED:42961946", "source": "europepmc", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42961946" }, { "first_seen": "2026-11-03T12:22:44Z", "native_id": "PMC13722186", "source": "pmc", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0014809" } ], "subjects": [ { "field": "biology", "origin": "plos:zoology", "subfield": "zoology-behaviour" }, { "field": "medicine", "origin": "plos:epidemiology", "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health" }, { "field": "medicine", "origin": "plos:infectious diseases", "subfield": "infectious-disease" } ], "title": "Challenges and opportunities for strengthening South American responses to insecticide resistance in disease vectors: Lessons from the WINSA workshop in Bogotá, Colombia", "title_text": "Challenges and opportunities for strengthening South American responses to insecticide resistance in disease vectors: Lessons from the WINSA workshop in Bogotá, Colombia", "type": "peer-reviewed", "updated_at": "2026-11-03T12:22:44Z", "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cmycjm1am8rtm", "venue": "PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases", "versions": [] }