{
  "abstract": "Gut symbionts condition mucosal immunity to resist infection by enteropathogens, but the specific microbes and mechanisms involved differ significantly between host species. In higher primates, bacterial metabolite HMB-PP is sensed by a specialized population of Vγ9Vδ2+T-cells, which we now report can potently suppress growth of endogenous fungi in human intestinal organ cultures. In healthy intestine, HMB-PP-stimulated Vδ2+ T-cells restricted outgrowth of keystone fungus Candida albicans via a mechanism that required IL-22. In Crohn’s disease (CD), Vδ2+ T-cells were poorly responsive to HMB-PP and permitted outgrowth of C. albicans strains that formed toxin-producing filaments, triggered neutrophil extracellular traps, and induced macrophage IL-1β release ex vivo. Genomic and proteomic analysis of the Candida isolates suggested increased tissue adhesion of CD-derived strains, which rapidly invaded the gut barrier in an ‘intestine-on-a-chip’ model. These data reveal that bacterial activation of Vδ2+ T-cells suppresses fungal pathobionts in human gut via an IL-22-dependent mechanism that is dysregulated in CD.\n\nFungi are common members of the gut microbiome, but inflammation can tip them toward harmful forms. This study shows that bacterial signals activate gut γδ T cells to suppress fungi and limit invasive strains and that this defense is disrupted in Crohn’s disease.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Centre for Immunobiology and Infection, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom",
    "Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom",
    "Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom",
    "School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom",
    "Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America",
    "Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada",
    "Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, The Royal London Children’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom",
    "Department of Gastroenterology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom",
    "Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 24,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Liya Mathew"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Sean L. Carlson"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Michael Savage"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Claire Pardieu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Megan B. O’Brien"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Ellie Crawley"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Paul Harrow"
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    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Ann-Kristin Kaune"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Edward Devlin"
    },
    {
      "name": "Emily L. Priest"
    },
    {
      "name": "Marilena Crescente"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kimberly Martinod"
    },
    {
      "name": "James Boot"
    },
    {
      "name": "SoFong Cam Ngan"
    },
    {
      "name": "Marco Gasparetto"
    },
    {
      "name": "Klaartje Kok"
    },
    {
      "name": "James O. Lindsay"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jonathan P. Richardson"
    },
    {
      "name": "Julian R. Naglik"
    },
    {
      "name": "Andrew J. Stagg"
    },
    {
      "name": "Matthias Eberl"
    },
    {
      "name": "Siu Kwan Sze"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carol A. Munro"
    },
    {
      "name": "Neil E. McCarthy"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cpq6bmnd2gttj.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pbio.3004080",
  "fulltext_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3004080",
  "id": "cpq6bmnd2gttj",
  "issns": [
    "1545-7885"
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  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|Gut microbiota and health"
    ],
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      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy/Digestive system/Gastrointestinal tract"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Cell biology/Cellular types/Animal cells/Blood cells/White blood cells/Macrophages"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Cell biology/Cellular types/Animal cells/Blood cells/White blood cells/Neutrophils"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Cell biology/Cellular types/Animal cells/Blood cells/White blood cells/T cells"
    ],
    [
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    ],
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    ],
    [
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    ],
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      "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Fungal pathogens/Candida albicans"
    ],
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    ],
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      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Eukaryota/Fungi"
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      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Eukaryota/Fungi/Yeast"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Eukaryota/Fungi/Yeast/Candida/Candida albicans"
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      "/Medicine and health sciences/Immunology/Immune cells/White blood cells/T cells"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Pathology and laboratory medicine/Pathogens/Microbial pathogens/Fungal pathogens/Candida albicans"
    ],
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  "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3004080&type=printable",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-02",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cpq6bmnd2gttj.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T12:20:16Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pbio.3004080",
      "source": "plos",
      "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3004080"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "plos:cell biology",
      "subfield": "cell-biology"
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    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "plos:immunology",
      "subfield": "immunology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Fungal suppression by bacterial metabolite-activated human intestinal γδT-cells is disrupted in Crohn’s disease",
  "title_text": "Fungal suppression by bacterial metabolite-activated human intestinal γδT-cells is disrupted in Crohn’s disease",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-04T12:20:44Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cpq6bmnd2gttj",
  "venue": "PLOS Biology",
  "versions": []
}