{
  "abstract": "Tinnitus is the conscious perception of sound in the absence of an external acoustic source. When accompanied by emotional distress, cognitive dysfunction, or autonomic arousal leading to behavioral and functional impairment, it is termed \"tinnitus disorder.\" This perspective synthesizes genetic, epidemiological, and neuroimaging evidence supporting the distinction between tinnitus and tinnitus disorder. Genetic studies indicate that tinnitus is linked to multiple common variants of small effect size, whereas tinnitus disorder involves rarer variants exerting larger effects. Epidemiologically, hearing loss is the primary risk factor for tinnitus, whereas personality traits like neuroticism, mood, and sleep disturbances predict tinnitus disorder. Neuroimaging identifies three interrelated neural pathways: a lateral \"loudness\" pathway, a descending \"inhibitory\" pathway, and a medial \"distress\" pathway that is specifically activated in tinnitus disorder, providing a neural basis for tinnitus related suffering. Future needs include the establishment of standardized diagnostic criteria and a severity grading system of tinnitus disorder.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand",
    "Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland",
    "Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea",
    "Global Brain Health Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland",
    "Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Service ORL, INSERM, Fondation Pour l'Audition, IHU reConnect, Paris, France",
    "Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria",
    "Institute for Information and Process Management, Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences, St. Gallen, Switzerland",
    "Department of Pharmacology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina",
    "Laboratory of Experimental Audiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden",
    "The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia",
    "Department of Medical Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy",
    "Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg at Bezirksklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany",
    "Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK",
    "Audiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand",
    "Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea"
  ],
  "article_type": "review",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 19,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Dirk De Ridder",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4625-268X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Tobias Kleinjung",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3867-234X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jae‐Jin Song",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6631-3232"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Divya Bharatkumar Adhia",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2505-4916"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Matt Hall"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Anusha Mohan",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1904-0603"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Sven Vanneste",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1513-5752"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Alain Londero",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3876-0657"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Nathan Weisz",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7816-0037"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Winfried Schlee",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7942-1788"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Ana Belén Elgoyhen",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9487-0311"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Christopher Robin Cederroth",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7267-5136"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Jose Antonio Lopez-Escamez",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8583-1430"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Silvano Gallus",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8967-0400"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Stefan Schoisswohl",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3633-999X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "William Sedley",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9371-0962"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        13
      ],
      "name": "Grant Donald Searchfield",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7303-2159"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        14
      ],
      "name": "Shi Nae Park"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Berthold Langguth",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7066-510X"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cq2bx7t0jfhpe.bib",
  "cited_by": 5,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.isci.2026.116080",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "cq2bx7t0jfhpe",
  "issns": [
    "2589-0042"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.116080",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2809|Hearing, Cochlea, Tinnitus, Genetics"
    ]
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  "openalex": "W7163403591",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13255023",
  "pmid": "42291209",
  "published": "2026-06-01",
  "publisher": "Cell Press",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cq2bx7t0jfhpe.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-06T13:20:36Z",
      "native_id": "W7163403591",
      "source": "openalex",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.116080"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2809|Hearing, Cochlea, Tinnitus, Genetics",
      "subfield": "neuroscience"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Tinnitus and tinnitus disorder: Genetic, neurobiological, and clinical differentiation",
  "title_text": "Tinnitus and tinnitus disorder: Genetic, neurobiological, and clinical differentiation",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T13:21:14Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cq2bx7t0jfhpe",
  "venue": "iScience",
  "versions": []
}