{
  "abstract": "The genetic architecture of human brain networks is central to understanding cortical organisation and evolution, the causal links between brain structure and function, and the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Using N > 48,000 subjects, we investigated common genetic effects on Morphometric INverse Divergence (MIND), a heritable, multi-modal structural MRI metric of inter-areal similarity and connectivity. Genetic correlations between MIND network edges were largely reducible to two gradients, each aligned with distance from one of the two phylogenetically primitive areas (paleocortex and archicortex) predicted by the dual origin theory of cortical evolution. MIND was more heritable than comparable measures of functional (f)MRI connectivity, and the paleocortically-aligned MIND gradient was genetically correlated with, and causally predictive of, fMRI connectivity. Finally, we identified genetic overlaps between MIND gradients and neuropsychiatric and biomedical traits. These results provide fresh insight into the dual origins of the cortex and their implications for brain function and health.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. iss31@cam.ac.uk",
    "Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. iss31@cam.ac.uk",
    "Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US. iss31@cam.ac.uk",
    "University of Cambridge",
    "Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom",
    "Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom",
    "Autism Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom",
    "Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) HUVR/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla/CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Seville, Spain",
    "Universidad de Sevilla",
    "Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA",
    "Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA",
    "Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA",
    "University of Pennsylvania",
    "School of Academic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom",
    "Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom",
    "School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom",
    "King's College London"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Isaac Sebenius",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9927-2150"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Varun Warrier",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4532-8571"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Richard A. I. Bethlehem",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0714-0685"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Richard Dear",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1670-6767"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Eva-Maria Stauffer",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2904-5555"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6,
        4,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Yuanjun Gu",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9475-0010"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        7,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Rafael Romero-García",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5199-4573"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9,
        10,
        11,
        12
      ],
      "name": "Jakob Seidlitz",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8164-7476"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        13,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Edward Thomas Bullmore",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8955-8283"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        14,
        15,
        16
      ],
      "name": "Sarah Elizabeth Morgan",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1261-5884"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cqqdypd2y4wxw.bib",
  "cited_by": 6,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41467-026-73714-9",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "cqqdypd2y4wxw",
  "issns": [
    "2041-1723"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-73714-9",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
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      "openalex",
      "2805|Functional Brain Connectivity Studies"
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  "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-73714-9_reference.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13438111",
  "pmid": "42323287",
  "published": "2026-06-20",
  "publisher": "Nature Portfolio",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cqqdypd2y4wxw.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:26:53Z",
      "native_id": "W4405711577",
      "source": "openalex",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-73714-9"
    }
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2805|Functional Brain Connectivity Studies",
      "subfield": "neuroscience"
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  ],
  "title": "The genetic architecture of cortical similarity networks",
  "title_text": "The genetic architecture of cortical similarity networks",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T13:20:49Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cqqdypd2y4wxw",
  "venue": "Nature Communications",
  "versions": []
}