{
  "abstract": "OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop and validate a novel Electrolyte-Inflammation Risk Score (EIRS) integrating serum electrolytes and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), to predict glycemic control and cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS A cross-sectional case-control study was conducted at Sri Lalithambigai Medical College, Chennai, involving 100 participants (50 patients with T2DM and 50 age-matched healthy controls). Fasting blood glucose, HbA1c (measured by HPLC using the Bio-Rad D-10 system), serum sodium, potassium, and chloride (measured using an ion-selective electrode on the Roche Cobas), magnesium (measured by the xylidyl blue colorimetric method), and hs-CRP (measured by a particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay) were measured. Statistical analysis included independent t-tests, Pearson correlation, multivariate logistic regression, and ROC curve analysis (SPSS version 28.0; p < 0.05). RESULTS T2DM patients exhibited significant electrolyte imbalances compared with controls: elevated potassium (5.40 ± 0.65 vs. 4.16 ± 0.82 mmol/L), increased sodium (142.6 ± 3.5 vs. 138.2 ± 2.3 mmol/L), reduced magnesium (1.8 ± 0.4 vs. 2.1 ± 0.3 mg/dL), and markedly elevated hs-CRP (4.8 ± 2.1 vs. 1.1 ± 0.7 mg/L; all p < 0.001 or p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression identified elevated sodium (OR = 2.84, 95% CI: 1.23–6.57, p = 0.015), elevated potassium (OR = 3.42, 95% CI: 1.45–8.08, p = 0.005), elevated hs-CRP (OR = 4.73, 95% CI: 2.15–10.41, p < 0.001), and higher BMI (OR = 1.12 per kg/m², 95% CI: 1.01–1.24, p = 0.031) as independent predictors of HbA1c > 8%. The EIRS, which is based on the four laboratory parameters, achieved an AUC of 0.847 (95% CI: 0.765–0.929, p < 0.001) at an optimal cut-off of ≥ 4 points, with 84% sensitivity and 78% specificity. High-risk patients (score 6–8) had 100% poor glycemic control and a 78% incidence of cardiovascular events, compared with 67% and 33% in moderate-risk and 13% and 8% in low-risk patients, respectively. CONCLUSION The EIRS effectively identifies patients with T2DM at high risk of poor glycemic control and cardiovascular complications, offering a practical tool for the simultaneous assessment of metabolic and inflammatory risk.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Bharath Institute of Higher Education & Research, Selaiyur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India",
    "Department of General Medicine, Sri Lalithambigai Medical College, Dr. MGR Educational & Research Institute, Maduravoyal, Chennai",
    "Department of Dentistry, Sri Lalithambigai Medical College, Dr. MGR Educational & Research Institute, Maduravoyal, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India",
    "Department of Biochemistry, Sree Balaji Medical College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education & Research, Selaiyur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India",
    "Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Faculty of Medical Science and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sarguru Datchanamurthi",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7244-4960"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Vikram Manamala Sudhakar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Ashwin K.S."
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "V.S. Kalaiselvi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Thirunavukkarasu Jaishankar"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cscm0y3sb2edd.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.12982/bscm.2026.47",
  "fulltext_url": "https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/CMMJ-MedCMJ/article/view/283172",
  "id": "cscm0y3sb2edd",
  "issns": [
    "2774-1079"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.12982/bscm.2026.47",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "R"
    ],
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      "openalex",
      "2712|Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins"
    ]
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  "openalex": "W7222481551",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "Chiang Mai University, Faculty of Medicine",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cscm0y3sb2edd.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-10T14:21:36Z",
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2712|Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins",
      "subfield": "endocrinology-metabolism"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Serum Electrolyte Dysregulation and Inflammatory Burden in Type 2 Diabetes: Development of a Novel Electrolyte-Inflammation Risk Score for Predicting Glycemic Control and Cardiovascular Complications",
  "title_text": "Serum Electrolyte Dysregulation and Inflammatory Burden in Type 2 Diabetes: Development of a Novel Electrolyte-Inflammation Risk Score for Predicting Glycemic Control and Cardiovascular Complications",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-10T14:21:36Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cscm0y3sb2edd",
  "venue": "Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Medicine",
  "versions": []
}