{
  "abstract": "The multi-objective traveling salesman problem (MOTSP) is a typical challenging multi-objective combinatorial optimization problem. Numerous advanced deep reinforcement learning algorithms have been developed to solve it. Existing learning-based methods can share information across subproblems through mechanisms such as parameter transfer. This paper investigates explicit graph-based modeling of preference relationships within a shared policy and proposes a graph-relation-driven deep reinforcement learning algorithm for MOTSP. The proposed algorithm trains a model to map problem instances to approximate Pareto sets under a collection of preference vectors. Specifically, the graph weight encoder combines global and objective-specific city representations with preference features learned on a fixed graph whose edges are defined by distances between weight vectors. A graph co-guided fusion module then combines global and objective-specific city embeddings with the learned preference representations to generate preference-conditioned city embeddings. The resulting problem embeddings and contextual embeddings are supplied to the decoder to generate candidate tours in parallel, providing an approximation to the Pareto set. Furthermore, a Top-p training baseline is introduced to adaptively select reference candidates according to their scalarized costs. Finally, extensive experiments are conducted on various MOTSP instances. Comparisons are carried out between the proposed algorithm and heuristic and learning-based algorithms. Experimental results demonstrate the solution quality of the proposed algorithm on the evaluated multi-objective traveling salesman problems. Its computational cost is reported under the specified hardware, decoding budgets, and evaluation settings.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China",
    "The Sixty-Third Research Institute, National University of Defense Technology, Nanjing 210007, China",
    "Laboratory for Big Data and Decision, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China",
    "National Key Laboratory of Information Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China",
    "School of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Zhengtao Ji"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Xiaoxiong Zhang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3524-7543"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Xixi Zhu",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8585-4085"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Shengye Yan",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3583-0146"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/csg6z9tvj5em6.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/math14214090",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "csg6z9tvj5em6",
  "issns": [
    "2227-7390"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/14/21/4090",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-07",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/csg6z9tvj5em6.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-10T00:21:18Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/math14214090",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/14/21/4090"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "mathematics",
      "origin": "issn:2227-7390",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "GRAWA: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for the Multi-Objective Traveling Salesman Problem",
  "title_text": "GRAWA: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for the Multi-Objective Traveling Salesman Problem",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-10T00:21:18Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/csg6z9tvj5em6",
  "venue": "Mathematics",
  "versions": []
}