{
  "abstract": "The rise in sleep disease affecting the general population globally in the past decade has been detrimental to individually and socioeconomically. As of now, approaches often are temporary through medication, permanently using invasive implants with surgical complications or neuromodulation therapy. However, non-invasive, state-dependent neuromodulation during sleep is technically challenging, especially with the lack of flexibility, comfortability and robustness for sleep conditions. Here, we introduce a N on-invasive E lectrophysiological Recording and U ltrasound Neuromodulation Slee p P atch (NEUSLeeP) in delivering focused ultrasound stimulation to the subthalamic nucleus (STN) overnight with simultaneous stable polysomnography recording. Our sleep patch integrates a custom eight-channel concentric ring transducer array with real-time electroencephalography (EEG), electrooculography (EOG), electromyography (EMG) recording, and individualized line-of-sight targeting to sonicate deep brain areas while preserving mobility. Our platform operated safely and comfortably across the two-night’s sleep study. Stimulation of the left STN was delivered every 90 minutes throughout the night and was associated with a 25% increase in REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep duration and a 43 minutes reduction in REM sleep latency compared to a sham night in a study of 26 subjects. Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) signal attenuation in functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) was localized primarily to a left ipsilateral basal-ganglia-midbrain-temporal circuit, consistent with selective network modulation rather than global arousal changes. Overall, NEUSLeeP demonstrates feasibility by (i) a light weight and wearable ultrasound neuromodulation and sleep recording during natural sleep; (ii) establishing a potential mechanism relating targeted ultrasound stimulation of STN/sleep networks to REM enhancement.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA",
    "Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA",
    "Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, VA, USA",
    "Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA. mysliwiec@uthscsa.edu",
    "Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. gfonzo@austin.utexas.edu",
    "Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. evanwang@utexas.edu"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 19,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Kai Wing Kevin Tang",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0671-8702"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Benjamin Baird",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8541-0508"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "William D. Moscoso-Barrera",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6779-7056"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mengxia Yu",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0840-5398"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mengmeng Yao",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2257-4526"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jinmo Jeong",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6088-2856"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ilya Pyatnitskiy",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2827-1473"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Anakaren Romero Lozano",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5481-8527"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jiachen Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ju-Chun Hsieh",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5598-5917"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Tony Sungjin Chae"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Daniel Song",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2916-6680"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Julieta Garcia"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Rithvik Mittapalli"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Adam Bush",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7787-596X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Wynn Legon",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8761-3496"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Vincent Mysliwiec",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5178-7486"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Gregory A. Fonzo",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0213-1034"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Huiliang Wang",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4063-270X"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/csjt9611hgkf3.bib",
  "cited_by": 5,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41467-026-73787-6",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "csjt9611hgkf3",
  "issns": [
    "2041-1723"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-73787-6",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2804|Neuroscience and Neural Engineering"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7163528177",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-73787-6_reference.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13294382",
  "pmid": "42243115",
  "published": "2026-06-04",
  "publisher": "Nature Portfolio",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/csjt9611hgkf3.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-07T13:20:56Z",
      "native_id": "W7163528177",
      "source": "openalex",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-73787-6"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2804|Neuroscience and Neural Engineering",
      "subfield": "neuroscience"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Skin-attached bioadhesive patch enabling ultrasound deep brain stimulation and real-time electrophysiological monitoring for REM sleep enhancement",
  "title_text": "Skin-attached bioadhesive patch enabling ultrasound deep brain stimulation and real-time electrophysiological monitoring for REM sleep enhancement",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T13:20:49Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/csjt9611hgkf3",
  "venue": "Nature Communications",
  "versions": []
}