{
  "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Robotic systems are being increasingly used to assist with total knee replacement (TKR). Whether robotic systems improve outcomes after TKR is uncertain. We aimed to ascertain the clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness of the Mako robotic-arm system compared with conventional instruments for TKR. METHODS: We conducted a participant-masked and assessor-masked pragmatic, superiority, randomised controlled trial at ten hospitals in Great Britain involving 33 surgeons. Patients with advanced knee osteoarthritis underwent TKR with conventional instruments (cTKR) or with the Mako robotic-arm-assisted system (rTKR). Key exclusion criteria were inflammatory arthropathy, previous fracture, or the need for complex implants. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) through a remote computer system using minimisation by age, BMI, centre, surgeon, and primary knee compartment involved. Participants and assessors were masked through methods including using sham incisions, additional draping, and masked operation notes. The primary outcome was the Forgotten Joint Score (FJS) at 12 months after randomisation according to the intention-to-treat principle using a linear mixed-effects model. The prespecified target difference was 12 points. The trial is registered with ISRCTN (ISRCTN27624068), and long-term follow-up is ongoing. FINDINGS: Between Dec 21, 2021, and Dec 13, 2023, 807 patients were screened and 339 were randomly assigned: 168 to rTKR and 171 to cTKR. The median age was 68·8 years (IQR 61·3-75·2), 167 (49%) were female, and 172 (51%) were male. At 12 months, the mean FJS was 49·2 (SD 28·4; n=154) in the rTKR group and 50·2 (29·9; n=158) in the cTKR group. The adjusted mean difference was -1·5 (95% CI -7·5 to 4·5; p=0·62,) favouring cTKR. 16 participants in each group had one serious adverse event. INTERPRETATION: In this pragmatic trial, rTKR as delivered in routine practice was more costly than cTKR and did not provide a clinically meaningful patient benefit at 12 months after randomisation. The two groups had similar safety (ie, harms) profiles. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Technology Assessment Programme.",
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  "affiliations": [
    "Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK",
    "Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK. Electronic address: a.metcalfe@warwick.ac.uk",
    "Orthopaedic Research Unit, Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK",
    "Orthopaedics and Trauma, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Orthopaedics, University of Edinburgh Division of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, Edinburgh, UK",
    "Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK",
    "Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK",
    "Coventry, UK",
    "University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK",
    "Orthopaedics and Trauma, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College, London, UK",
    "Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, UK",
    "Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK",
    "Bristol Trials Centre, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK",
    "University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK",
    "The Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; Department of Inflammation and Ageing, National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
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      "name": "Charles E. Hutchinson",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3387-9229"
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      "name": "Hema Mistry",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5023-1160"
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      "name": "Seyran Naghdi",
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      "name": "Chloe Scott"
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      "name": "Toby Smith"
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      "name": "John Andrew Skinner",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1901-9057"
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      "name": "Andrew H. Toms"
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      "name": "Sophie Rees",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4399-2049"
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      "name": "Bryan Riemer"
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      "name": "Martin R Underwood",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0309-1708"
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      "name": "E T Davis"
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    {
      "name": "David Beard"
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    {
      "name": "Paul N. Baker",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8529-2417"
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    {
      "name": "Stephen McDonnell"
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    {
      "name": "Thomas Pinkney"
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      "name": "Nick Howells",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8514-0322"
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      "orcid": "0000-0003-3015-0432"
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  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ctgx9ephqhgh7.bib",
  "cited_by": 12,
  "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(26)00986-4",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "ctgx9ephqhgh7",
  "issns": [
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  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(26)00986-4",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
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      "2746|Total Knee Arthroplasty Outcomes"
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  "openalex": "W7203833239",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": "42624811",
  "published": "2026-08-20",
  "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ctgx9ephqhgh7.ris",
  "sources": [
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  "subjects": [
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      "subfield": "surgery"
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  ],
  "title": "Robotic-arm-assisted versus conventional total knee replacement (RACER-Knee): a pragmatic, multicentre, participant-masked and assessor-masked, superiority, randomised controlled trial",
  "title_text": "Robotic-arm-assisted versus conventional total knee replacement (RACER-Knee): a pragmatic, multicentre, participant-masked and assessor-masked, superiority, randomised controlled trial",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T13:20:51Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ctgx9ephqhgh7",
  "venue": "The Lancet",
  "versions": []
}