{
  "abstract": "In this study, we aimed to investigate whether 6-hydroxyrubiadin (6-HR), a compound derived from the root of Rubia akane Nakai, exerts a regulatory effect on the gene expression of MUC5AC mucin under conditions mimicking pulmonary inflammation in human airway epithelial cells. Confluent NCI-H292 cells were pretreated with 6-HR for 30 min, followed by stimulation with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α for 24 h. MUC5AC mRNA expression and glycoprotein production were measured using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Further, we examined the effect of 6-HR on TNF-α-induced activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways via immunoblot analysis. The results were as follows: (1) 6-HR significantly reduced both the production of MUC5AC glycoprotein and MUC5AC mRNA expression in NCI-H292 cells. (2) 6-HR inhibited TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation through a transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-dependent mechanism. (3) 6-HR also inhibited TAK1-dependent MAPK signaling pathways activated by TNF-α, resulting in the downregulation of MUC5AC mucin production in NCI-H292 cells. These findings suggest that 6-HR regulates the gene expression of MUC5AC mucin by directly acting on airway epithelial cells through modulation of the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Pharmacology and Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015 Seoul 01795 Republic of Korea",
    "Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015 Seoul 01795 Republic of Korea",
    "Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134 Seoul 01795 Republic of Korea",
    "Smith Liberal Arts College and Department of Addiction Science, Graduate School, Sahmyook University Seoul 01795 Republic of Korea"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Rajib Hossain"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "MinKyun Na"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Sainan Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Hyun Jae Lee"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Gang Min Hur"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Choong Jae Lee"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cth5dj71677p4.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.4062/biomolther.2026.187",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13724999/",
  "id": "cth5dj71677p4",
  "issns": [
    "1976-9148",
    "2005-4483"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2026.187",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1306|NF-κB Signaling Pathways"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7224422288",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.biomolther.org/journal/download_pdf.php?doi=10.4062/biomolther.2026.187",
  "pmcid": "PMC13724999",
  "pmid": "42952213",
  "published": "2026-11-01",
  "publisher": "Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cth5dj71677p4.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T12:23:28Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13724999",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2026.187"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:1306|NF-κB Signaling Pathways",
      "subfield": "oncology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "6-Hydroxyrubiadin Regulates TNF-α-Induced MUC5AC Gene Expression via Affecting NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways in Human Airway Epithelial Cells",
  "title_text": "6-Hydroxyrubiadin Regulates TNF-α-Induced MUC5AC Gene Expression via Affecting NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways in Human Airway Epithelial Cells",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T12:21:21Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cth5dj71677p4",
  "venue": "Biomolecules & Therapeutics",
  "versions": []
}