{
  "abstract": "Protein complexes are pivotal to all major cellular processes. Translation-coupled complex assembly is ubiquitous in eukaryotes, but its molecular basis and prevalence in bacteria remain poorly understood. Here, we combine ribosome profiling and single-molecule optical tweezers to establish principles governing cotranslational assembly of four structurally diverse complexes in Escherichia coli. We reveal how heterotetramers form cotranslationally via hierarchical assembly pathways, with initial heterodimer formation priming the assembly of higher-order oligomers through a topology-dependent organization of homomeric and heteromeric interfaces. Co-post assembly, defined as interaction between nascent and fully synthesized subunits, initiates when dimerization domains are completely exposed at the ribosome. The assembly order is predominantly unidirectional and matches the operon gene order, with upstream-encoded subunits being synthesized first, and then engaging downstream nascent partner subunits. The co-post assembly efficiency depends both on the native operon structure and the ribosome-associated chaperone trigger factor, which binds emerging oligomerization domains and whose dissociation marks the onset of partner subunit engagement. The handover from chaperone engagement to cotranslational assembly is mediated by nascent chain folding. Finally, we show that co-post assembly provides a fitness advantage. Together, these findings reveal how genome organization and chaperone-assisted folding coordinate cotranslational assembly to promote efficient complex biogenesis and cellular fitness in bacteria.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University, German Cancer Research Center - Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University Alliance, Heidelberg 69120, Germany",
    "Autonomous Matter Department, AMOLF institute, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands",
    "Bionanoscience Department of Delft University of Technology and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jaro L. Schmitt",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6701-7112"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Josef J. Auburger",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-4556-3353"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Florian Wruck",
      "orcid": "0009-0004-6639-883X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jiří Koubek"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Sander J. Tans",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7131-2568"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Bernd Bukau",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0521-7199"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Günter Kramer",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7552-8393"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cvfkj5zbtks6a.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1073/pnas.2608997123",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13715782/",
  "id": "cvfkj5zbtks6a",
  "issns": [
    "0027-8424",
    "1091-6490"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2608997123",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "409"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Biological Sciences"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Biophysics and Computational Biology"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Cell Biology"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Physical Sciences"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223203955",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13715782",
  "pmid": "42911858",
  "published": "2026-10-22",
  "publisher": "National Academy of Sciences",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cvfkj5zbtks6a.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T12:22:59Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13715782",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2608997123"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "heading:Cell Biology",
      "subfield": "cell-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Molecular drivers of cotranslational protein assembly in bacteria",
  "title_text": "Molecular drivers of cotranslational protein assembly in bacteria",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-01T12:22:59Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cvfkj5zbtks6a",
  "venue": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America",
  "versions": []
}