{
  "abstract": "The growing population of young adults with perinatal HIV acquisition (YAPHIV) or exposure without acquisition (YAPHEU) warrants investigation of ongoing cognitive effects of PHIV and lasting neurodevelopmental consequences of perinatal exposure to HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART). Within the US-based AMP Up longitudinal cohort study, 608 YAPHIV and 131 YAPHEU completed the NIH Toolbox (NIHT) assessment of cognitive functioning and provided information on mental health, demographic variables, social determinants of health (SDOH), HIV-related health and ARTs. YAPHIV were categorized at entry as YAPHIV-C (history of CDC Class C AIDS-defining criteria or nadir CD4%<15) or YAPHIV-non-C. General linear regression models were fit to examine associations of HIV status with NIHT age-adjusted Fluid, Crystallized and Total Cognition Composite standard scores and change in scores from entry to the three-year follow-up visit. NIHT performance between YAPHEU and all YAPHIV was comparable, with borderline/low average Fluid and average Crystallized Composite scores; however, we observed overall differences among the three groups, with lowest mean scores among YAPHIV-C and highest among YAPHIV-non-C. In adjusted analyses, mean Fluid Composite scores increased longitudinally across groups, with significantly less increase in both YAPHIV groups versus YAPHEU. Differences were not mediated by mental health variables. Few associations with current or change in HIV disease severity were observed. SDOH analyses supported benefits of greater access to social and economic resources. Although results highlight concerns about long-term effects of perinatal HIV among young adults, differences were subtle and emphasize the importance of modifiable factors such as viral control and access to resources.\n\nSupplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-026-05133-2.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Neurosciences, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0935 La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA",
    "Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA",
    "Independent Consultant, Fort Lauderdale, FL USA",
    "Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA",
    "Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA",
    "Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA",
    "Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA",
    "Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA",
    "Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA",
    "Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA",
    "Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA",
    "Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 14,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sharon Nichols",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2838-8268"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yanling Huo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Patricia A. Garvie"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Sara Caniglia"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Renee Smith"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Kathleen Malee"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Megan Song McHenry"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Mary E. Paul"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Anna-Barbara Moscicki"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Guadalupe Morales Avendano"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Katherine Tassiopoulos"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Megan L. Wilkins"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Claire A. Berman"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        10,
        11
      ],
      "name": "Paige L. Williams"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cwa14gearts3f.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1007/s10461-026-05133-2",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13232688/",
  "id": "cwa14gearts3f",
  "issns": [
    "1090-7165",
    "1573-3254"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-026-05133-2",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Paper"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2406|HIV Research and Treatment"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7163185234",
  "pdf_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10461-026-05133-2.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13232688",
  "pmid": "42228346",
  "published": "2026-06-02",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cwa14gearts3f.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-06T12:23:09Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13232688",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-026-05133-2"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2406|HIV Research and Treatment",
      "subfield": "microbiology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Cognitive Functioning and Its Stability Among Young Adults with Perinatal HIV Exposure or Acquisition in a U.S.-Based Longitudinal Cohort Study",
  "title_text": "Cognitive Functioning and Its Stability Among Young Adults with Perinatal HIV Exposure or Acquisition in a U.S.-Based Longitudinal Cohort Study",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-07T12:20:28Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cwa14gearts3f",
  "venue": "AIDS and Behavior",
  "versions": []
}