{
  "abstract": "Genomic manipulation has advanced from stochastic nuclease-mediated disruption toward programmable, deterministic precision. Early clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) strategies enabled targeted mutagenesis through double-strand breaks; however, their therapeutic application is limited by genotoxicity, chromosomal instability, and dependence on endogenous repair pathways that are difficult to predict. In this review, we examined the transition from gene editing to genome writing, an approach that decouples genomic modification from host repair pathways to better balance efficiency, precision, and payload delivery. We also discussed the principles of precision technologies, including base and prime editors, and described emerging large-scale writers, such as CRISPR-associated transposases and recombinase-based bridge RNAs, which enable the integration of multi-kilobase synthetic modules. Beyond enzymatic mechanisms, we further considered the combined use of generative artificial intelligence, structural biology, and novel delivery architectures as potential strategies to overcome current biological limitations. Taken together, these developments point toward Generative Biology, in which computational design and high-throughput screening transform the genome from a static substrate into a more dynamic model for complex, synthetic functional design.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology (Changde R&D Base), College of Synthetic Biology Industry, Institute of Synthetic Biology Industry Hunan University of Arts and Science Changde China",
    "State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology Shandong University Qingdao China",
    "College of Life Sciences Hunan Normal University Changsha China",
    "School of Life Sciences Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China",
    "Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Changde Hospital (The first people's hospital of Changde city) Changde China",
    "Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Plant Germplasm Resources Development, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resources College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University Shanghai China",
    "Chinese Medicinal Materials Breeding Innovation Center of Yuelushan Laboratory Changsha China",
    "Institute of Science and Technology for Brain‐Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University Shanghai China",
    "Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse National Institutes of Health Baltimore Maryland USA",
    "Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School University of South China Hengyang China",
    "Evidence‐Based Medicine and Clinical Research Center Hunan University of Medicine General Hospital Huaihua China",
    "Hunan Provincial Demonstration Center of Forestry Seedling Breeding Changsha China",
    "Yuelushan Laboratory Changsha China",
    "The Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Pharmaceutic Science, Health Science Center Hunan Normal University Changsha China"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 20,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Kerui Huang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jianhong Tian"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Wenyan Zhao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Siqin Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lixuan Xiang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Meiqing Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Liu Ls"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Y Huang",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-3406-4875"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Ningyun Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Lei Sun",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6134-1592"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Peng Xie",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9138-9749"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Nanyu Kuang",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-5632-2521"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Hong Zhou",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6460-3420"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Chengfeng Qiu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Jun Yan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Xiaofei Jiang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2701-9583"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        12
      ],
      "name": "Qiang Tu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yue Wang",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0098-5359"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        13
      ],
      "name": "Haoliang Hu",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4936-3411"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        12
      ],
      "name": "Y M Zhang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4762-8968"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cwb2dmsjn2m88.bib",
  "cited_by": 8,
  "doi": "10.1002/imo2.70115",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13674456/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "cwb2dmsjn2m88",
  "issns": [
    "2996-9514",
    "2996-9506"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13674456",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|CRISPR and Genetic Engineering"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7171320671",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13674456/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13674456",
  "pmid": "42891351",
  "published": "2026-07-26",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cwb2dmsjn2m88.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:30Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13674456",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13674456"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:26:48Z",
      "native_id": "W7171320671",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/imo2.70115"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1312|CRISPR and Genetic Engineering",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Strategies and mechanisms of precision genome engineering: From gene editing to genome writing",
  "title_text": "Strategies and mechanisms of precision genome engineering: From gene editing to genome writing",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-04T13:21:07Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cwb2dmsjn2m88",
  "venue": "IMetaOmics",
  "versions": []
}