{
  "abstract": "and lacks a granular and systematic analysis of its dynamics. We used 4,050 population-based studies with measured height and weight data on 232 million participants to assess the worldwide dynamics of obesity from 1980 to 2024. The rise in obesity decelerated in school-aged children and adolescents throughout the 1990s in many high-income countries, and subsequently plateaued in most at age-standardized prevalences spanning 20 percentage points, from 3-4% for girls in Japan, Denmark and France to 23% for boys in the USA. There were indications of a small decline in obesity in children and adolescents in some high-income western countries (for example, Italy, Portugal and France) since the 2000s. Similar trends were seen in some countries in Central and Eastern Europe. In adults, the rise in obesity slowed down in high-income western countries about a decade after children, followed by a plateau or possibly a small reversal of the rise in some countries (for example, Spain). In most low-income and middle-income countries, the annual absolute change in prevalence has remained stable or increased over time, even though prevalence has surpassed that of high-income countries. These highly varied dynamics suggest that the social, economic and technological trends that influence the availability, affordability and use of different foods may have helped control the rise in obesity in high-income countries, but require policy interventions in low-income and middle-income countries.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Imperial College London, London, UK",
    "Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA",
    "World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland",
    "University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA",
    "Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA",
    "Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA",
    "University of Essex, Colchester, UK",
    "Copenhagen University Hospital — Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark",
    "Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland",
    "University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland",
    "University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia",
    "University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia",
    "Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Mexico City, Mexico",
    "Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India",
    "The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan",
    "The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
    "Ministry of Health, Victoria, Seychelles",
    "Unisanté, Lausanne, Switzerland",
    "Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA",
    "Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan",
    "National Institute of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia",
    "RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland",
    "National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan",
    "African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya",
    "Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea",
    "University of Leicester, Leicester, UK",
    "Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland",
    "University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland",
    "ICMR — National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India",
    "University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia",
    "National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan",
    "University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon",
    "University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia",
    "Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany",
    "University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland",
    "Public Health Promotion and Development Organization, Kathmandu, Nepal",
    "Peking University, Beijing, China",
    "Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China",
    "The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica",
    "Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 100,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Bin Zhou",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1741-8628"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Nowell H Phelps",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-7351-4447"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Agnese Galeazzi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Olivia N O'Driscoll"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "James E. Bennett"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lakshya Jain"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yse D'Ailhaud De Brisis"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ana Barradas‐Pires",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8246-5906"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Fulvio Deo"
    },
    {
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        2
      ],
      "name": "Gretchen A Stevens",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0950-0725"
    },
    {
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        0
      ],
      "name": "Vasilis Kontis",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0485-1561"
    },
    {
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        3
      ],
      "name": "Christopher Paciorek"
    },
    {
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      "name": "Rodrigo Martin Carrillo-Larco",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2090-1856"
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      "name": "Anu Mishra"
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      "name": "范晔峰"
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      "name": "Andrea Rodriguez‐Martinez"
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        0
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      "name": "Vishwa Nath",
      "orcid": "0009-0006-0604-8218"
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    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Archie W. Rayner"
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    {
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        0
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      "name": "Annalise Zouein",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7820-4159"
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      ],
      "name": "Natalie R. Evans",
      "orcid": "0009-0001-9732-1390"
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        7
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      "name": "Jennifer L. Baker",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9649-6615"
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        9
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      "name": "Günther Fink",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7525-3668"
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        10,
        11
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      "name": "Maroje Sorić",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6835-1438"
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        12
      ],
      "name": "Carlos Alberto Aguilar-Salinas",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8517-0241"
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        13
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      "name": "Ranjit Mohan Anjana",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4843-1374"
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        14,
        15
      ],
      "name": "Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0637-599X"
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    {
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        16,
        17
      ],
      "name": "Pascal Bovet",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0242-4259"
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        18
      ],
      "name": "Goodarz Danaei",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2456-5463"
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    {
      "affs": [
        19
      ],
      "name": "Kairat Davletov",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8534-1899"
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    {
      "affs": [
        20
      ],
      "name": "Shubash Ganapathy"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        21
      ],
      "name": "Edward W. Gregg",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2381-6822"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        22
      ],
      "name": "Nayu Ikeda",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3424-1991"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        23
      ],
      "name": "André Pascal Kengne",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5183-131X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        24
      ],
      "name": "Young‐Ho Khang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9585-8266"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        25
      ],
      "name": "Kamlesh K. Khunti",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2343-7099"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        26,
        27
      ],
      "name": "Tiina K. Laatikainen",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6614-4782"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        28
      ],
      "name": "Avula Laxmaiah"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        29
      ],
      "name": "Lee‐Ling Lim",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6214-6924"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        30
      ],
      "name": "H Y Lin",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8048-7522"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        31
      ],
      "name": "J Mbanya"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        32
      ],
      "name": "J. Jaime Miranda",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4738-5468"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        33
      ],
      "name": "Anja Schienkiewitz",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3821-9772"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        34
      ],
      "name": "Sylvain Sebert",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6681-6983"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        35
      ],
      "name": "Namuna Shrestha"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        36
      ],
      "name": "Yi Song",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6990-6781"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Adrián Soto-Mota",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9173-7440"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Gregor Starc",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9822-0308"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        37
      ],
      "name": "L L Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        38
      ],
      "name": "Novie O. Younger-Coleman",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6525-9919"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        25
      ],
      "name": "Francesco Zaccardi",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2636-6487"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Julie Aarestrup",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2258-2120"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        39
      ],
      "name": "Leandra Abarca-Gómez"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mohsen Abbasi‐Kangevari",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8405-7482"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ziad Abdeen",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5871-0310"
    },
    {
      "name": "Shynar Abdrakhmanova",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3504-0427"
    },
    {
      "name": "Suhaila Abdul Ghaffar",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7179-0351"
    },
    {
      "name": "Hanan F. Abdul Rahim"
    },
    {
      "name": "Zulfiya Abdurahmnova"
    },
    {
      "name": "Niveen M. Abu-Rmeileh"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jamila Abubakar Garba"
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  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cwde242mkkxgn.bib",
  "cited_by": 37,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41586-026-10383-0",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "cwde242mkkxgn",
  "issns": [
    "0028-0836",
    "1476-4687"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10383-0",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2739|Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet"
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  "openalex": "W7161047158",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13171639",
  "pmid": "42129527",
  "published": "2026-05-13",
  "publisher": "Nature Portfolio",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cwde242mkkxgn.ris",
  "sources": [
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      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:26:54Z",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10383-0"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2739|Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Obesity rise plateaus in developed nations and accelerates in developing nations",
  "title_text": "Obesity rise plateaus in developed nations and accelerates in developing nations",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T13:20:38Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cwde242mkkxgn",
  "venue": "Nature",
  "versions": []
}