{
  "abstract": "BackgroundDietary factors have been associated with Crohn’s disease (CD), but evidence regarding the role of combined dietary patterns remains limited. We investigated the associations of individual food consumption and broader dietary patterns with CD.MethodsThis case–control study included 219 patients with CD and 395 controls. Intake frequency of selected foods was scored on a four-level scale. Based on the combined consumption of foods classified as risk-promoting or protective, participants were grouped into four dietary patterns: high risk-promoting/low protective, high risk-promoting/high protective, low risk-promoting/low protective, and low risk-promoting/high protective. Associations with CD were assessed using multivariable logistic regression and expressed as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsPatients with CD reported more frequent intakes of fast food, carbonated soft drinks, spicy food, and fruit: ORs (95% CIs) = 4.12 (3.02, 5.63), 3.89 (2.74, 5.52), 1.67 (1.33, 2.09), and 3.48 (2.41, 5.02), respectively. Participants with low consumption of risk-promoting foods had substantially lower CD odds, regardless of whether their consumption of protective foods was low (OR = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.35) or high (OR = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.27). High consumption of protective foods was not associated with lower CD odds when consumption of risk-promoting foods was also high (OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.69, 1.92).ConclusionFrequent intakes of fast food, carbonated soft drinks, and spicy food were associated with greater CD odds. Dietary patterns characterized by low consumption of risk-promoting foods were associated with substantially lower CD odds.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia",
    "Food, Nutrition and Lifestyle Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia",
    "Chief Executive Office, Public Health Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia",
    "Population Health Deputyship, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia",
    "Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt",
    "Clinical Nutrition Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia",
    "Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia",
    "Clinical Nutrition Department, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia",
    "The Investment Deputyship, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 14,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Manal Malibary"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Manal Malibary"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Haytham A. Sheerah"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Haytham A. Sheerah"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Ahmed Arafa"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Mudi H. Alharbi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Norah Eid Aljohani"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Maryam M. Alghamdi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Shoroog M. Allogmanny"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Amnah N. Yamani"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Mustafa M. Shoqeair"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Osama Z. Alzeer"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Haneen N. Molla"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Anas Almofarreh"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cwky5adwa6mkq.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2026.1989162",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2026.1989162/full",
  "id": "cwky5adwa6mkq",
  "issns": [
    "2296-861X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2026.1989162",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "TX341-641"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1311|Inflammatory Bowel Disease"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223344364",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2026.1989162/pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13739521",
  "pmid": "42996427",
  "published": "2026-10-23",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media S.A.",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cwky5adwa6mkq.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:43:13Z",
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1311|Inflammatory Bowel Disease",
      "subfield": "genetics-genomics"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Food consumption and combined dietary patterns in relation to Crohn’s disease: a case–control study in Saudi Arabia",
  "title_text": "Food consumption and combined dietary patterns in relation to Crohn’s disease: a case–control study in Saudi Arabia",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T15:20:34Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cwky5adwa6mkq",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Nutrition",
  "versions": []
}