{
  "abstract": "High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is a well-established cardiovascular risk marker; however, its determinants in childhood remain incompletely understood. The prepubertal period provides a useful window for studying the determinants of HDL-C because it is free of confounders present in other age groups. In this review, we summarize the findings on the plasma HDL-C determinants in Spanish prepubertal children aged 6–8 years from decades of research in the Four Provinces Study. Children with obesity had lower HDL-C concentrations, but BMI was only weakly associated with HDL-C, whereas markers of adipose tissue function, particularly leptin, showed stronger and potential sex-dependent associations. Among common variants in genes directly involved in HDL metabolism, CETP TaqIB emerged as the main genetic predictor, although it explained less than 5% of HDL-C variability. Variants in genes related to adipose-tissue biology (LEP, PLIN1, PLIN2 and DLK1) were also associated with HDL-C in a sex-specific manner, and some associations were modulated by circulating leptin. Dietary intake made only a modest contribution to HDL-C variability, yet fat intake modified the effect of the LIPC −514C>T variant on HDL-C. Overall, these findings support an integrated adipose tissue–HDL axis in childhood and suggest that sex may influence this relationship even before puberty.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Lipid Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain",
    "Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, 28660 Madrid, Spain",
    "Department of Pediatrics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Olga Pomares",
      "orcid": "0009-0006-1315-9848"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Henar Ortega-Senovilla",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4360-4539"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Leandro Soriano-Guillén",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4268-8870"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Carmen Garcés",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1099-2061"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cxbs4a1t3vvsm.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ijms27219984",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "cxbs4a1t3vvsm",
  "issns": [
    "1422-0067"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/21/9984",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-07",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cxbs4a1t3vvsm.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-10T00:21:27Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/ijms27219984",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/21/9984"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "issn:1422-0067",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Determinants of Plasma HDL-Cholesterol Concentrations in Prepubertal Children: Insights from Two Decades of Research in a Spanish Pediatric Cohort",
  "title_text": "Determinants of Plasma HDL-Cholesterol Concentrations in Prepubertal Children: Insights from Two Decades of Research in a Spanish Pediatric Cohort",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-10T00:21:27Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cxbs4a1t3vvsm",
  "venue": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences",
  "versions": []
}