{
  "abstract": "The copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction was applied to conjugate four human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) with antimicrobial fluoroquinolones (FQs) (ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin) to obtain a total of 12 per-O-acetylated and unprotected HMO-FQ conjugates. These compounds underwent antimicrobial testing against Gram-positive (Streptococcus agalactiae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. The HMO-FQ conjugates exhibited the most significant antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus reaching minimum inhibitory concentration as low as 1.56 μM and 3.13 μM, respectively. A general trend was that per-O-acetylated HMO-FQ conjugates exhibited higher antimicrobial activity than their unprotected counterparts. The antimicrobial activity of the tested HMO-FQ conjugates is expected to arise from the ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin moieties because per-O-acetylated and unprotected HMOs did not exhibit any antimicrobial activity. Additionally, the HMO-FQ conjugates displayed no cytotoxicity as evident from test on two cell lines (HepG2 and MRC5).",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, StavangerNO-4036, Norway.",
    "Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, BergenNO-5020, Norway."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Liza Nguyen Van Sang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Emil Lindbäck"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Magne O Sydnes",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9413-6969"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cz7jnm0h250hv.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6c00334",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13587601",
  "id": "cz7jnm0h250hv",
  "issns": [
    "1043-1802",
    "1520-4812"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42915460",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1605|Carbohydrate Chemistry and Synthesis"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7203827662",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13587601?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13587601",
  "pmid": "42915460",
  "published": "2026-09-01",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cz7jnm0h250hv.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:02Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42915460",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42915460"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1605|Carbohydrate Chemistry and Synthesis",
      "subfield": "organic"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Synthesis of Human Milk Oligosaccharides-Fluoroquinolone Conjugates and Investigation of Their Antimicrobial Activity.",
  "title_text": "Synthesis of Human Milk Oligosaccharides-Fluoroquinolone Conjugates and Investigation of Their Antimicrobial Activity.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:02Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cz7jnm0h250hv",
  "venue": "Bioconjugate chemistry",
  "versions": []
}