{
  "abstract": "Lupeol, a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid, exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, making it a promising candidate for psoriasis treatment. However, its poor aqueous solubility and limited skin permeation restrict its therapeutic application. This study aimed to develop and optimize a lupeol-loaded bilosomal gel to enhance topical delivery and improve anti-psoriatic efficacy. Lupeol-loaded bilosomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration method and optimized through a Box-Behnken experimental design. The optimized formulation was characterized for vesicle size, entrapment efficiency, drug release, and physicochemical properties before incorporation into a Carbopol® 934P gel. The bilosomal gel was further evaluated through in vitro drug release, ex vivo skin permeation, and in vivo efficacy in an imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mice model. The optimized bilosomes exhibited nanoscale vesicles, high drug entrapment, and sustained drug release. Incorporation into the gel produced a formulation with suitable physicochemical characteristics and significantly enhanced skin permeation compared with a conventional gel. In vivo, the bilosomal gel markedly reduced Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) scores, spleen index, and TNF-α levels while restoring normal skin histology. These findings demonstrate that bilosomal encapsulation substantially improves the topical delivery and therapeutic efficacy of lupeol, highlighting the developed bilosomal gel as a promising nanocarrier-based strategy for the topical management of psoriasis.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226028, India.",
    "Chemistry Division, Department of Biotechnology, Era University, Lucknow 226003, India.",
    "Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226028, India.",
    "Department of Chemistry, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226028, India.",
    "Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5V0A8, Canada.",
    "Department of Physics and Astronomy \"E. Maiorana\", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mohammad Hamza"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Soumya Samanta",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-3212-4985"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Mohammed Faheem Khan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Supriya Roy",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8676-5113"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Zeeshan Fatima"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Ritu Gupta",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9709-6122"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Salvatore Gallo",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5479-4577"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Nimisha Srivastava",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6566-6335"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cz9g0jb8h2qh9.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/gels12100918",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13704759",
  "id": "cz9g0jb8h2qh9",
  "issns": [
    "2310-2861"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42929952",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "3003|Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221617809",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13704759?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13704759",
  "pmid": "42929952",
  "published": "2026-10-13",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cz9g0jb8h2qh9.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42929952",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42929952"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:3003|Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery",
      "subfield": "pharmacology-toxicology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Development and Optimization of a Lupeol-Loaded Bilosomal Gel for Enhanced Topical Therapy of Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis.",
  "title_text": "Development and Optimization of a Lupeol-Loaded Bilosomal Gel for Enhanced Topical Therapy of Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/cz9g0jb8h2qh9",
  "venue": "Gels (Basel, Switzerland)",
  "versions": []
}