{
  "abstract": "Introduction\n\nBrazil is among the world's largest producers of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), a species increasingly challenged by a complex of cocirculating pathogens that threatens production sustainability.Methods\n\nWe conducted a structured epidemiological surveillance program across the three main tilapia-producing macro-regions of Brazil (Southeast, Central-West, and Northeast) between 2023 and 2025. A total of 26,057 diagnostic samples, generating 68,514 pathogen-specific tests, were analyzed for Aeromonas spp., Edwardsiella spp., Flavobacterium spp., Francisella orientalis, Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus (ISKNV), Lactococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. using standardized bacteriological, real-time PCR, and MALDI-TOF MS protocols, and antimicrobial susceptibility (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC) was determined for four antimicrobials. Generalized linear models (with a farm-clustered mixed-model sensitivity analysis), time-series analysis (ADF stationarity, ARIMA), co-detection network analysis, and Gamma-log MIC modelling were applied.Results\n\nThe cumulative overall detection positivity rate (DPR) was 18.1%, with Flavobacterium spp. showing the highest cumulative positivity (21.6%) on the smallest testing base, and Lactococcus spp. (18.4%), ISKNV (23.3%), and Streptococcus spp. (15.2%) representing the dominant, most widely sampled agents; S. agalactiae serotype Ia was not detected by serotype-specific qPCR. Detection was structured principally by macro-region and pathogen-specific temporal dynamics, whereas host developmental stage exerted a heterogeneous, generally weak influence. Five of the seven pathogens showed stationary, endemically compatible dynamics; Streptococcus spp. was non-stationary, consistent with active geographic expansion into the Northeast, whereas non-stationarity in Flavobacterium spp. reflected sampling instability rather than directional change. Quarterly aggregation minimized forecast error among the frequencies evaluated. Co-detection was predominantly independent, with only a weak module linking the three dominant agents. Antimicrobial resistance was structured by pathogen and antibiotic, with significant pathogen-specific interactions, and the fry stage showed higher MICs.Discussion\n\nThese findings reframe the historically Streptococcus-centered view of Brazilian tilapia health and, within the constraints of a structured but non-probabilistic design, provide a descriptive, data-driven baseline to inform regionalized early-warning systems and rational antimicrobial stewardship in Brazilian tilapia aquaculture.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Pathovet Labs , ,"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 12,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mateus Cardoso-Guimarães"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Miguel Frederico Fernandez-Alarcon"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Rodolfo Correa"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mariene Miyoko-Natori"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Renata Galetti"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Adrielli Brito de Souza"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ana Cristina Squizatto"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Rafael Silva"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Luana Araújo de Almeida"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Thaise Mota Sátiro"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ricardo Ildefonso"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Marco Rozas-Serri"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/czef82xbahphk.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fvets.2026.1944605",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13726547/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "czef82xbahphk",
  "issns": [
    "2297-1769"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13726547",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2403|Aquaculture disease management and microbiota"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222937747",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13726547/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13726547",
  "pmid": "42974416",
  "published": "2026-10-19",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/czef82xbahphk.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T15:20:51Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13726547",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13726547"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T15:20:48Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42974416",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42974416"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-05T12:22:51Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13726547",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2026.1944605"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2403|Aquaculture disease management and microbiota",
      "subfield": "immunology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Epidemiological surveillance reveals major pathogen dynamics in Brazilian Nile tilapia aquaculture from 2023 to 2025",
  "title_text": "Epidemiological surveillance reveals major pathogen dynamics in Brazilian Nile tilapia aquaculture from 2023 to 2025",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T12:22:28Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/czef82xbahphk",
  "venue": "Frontiers in veterinary science",
  "versions": []
}