{
  "abstract": "Early-life antibiotic (ABX) exposure profoundly disrupts gut microbiota assembly, triggering long-lasting intestinal immune stress. While fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a promising intervention, its immunological and ecological mechanisms in the juvenile gut remain underexplored. In this study, juvenile mice were subjected to a broad-spectrum ABX cocktail for 8 days followed by 4 days of adult-sourced FMT. 16S rRNA sequencing (n = 6/group) revealed that ABX drastically altered the microbial landscape, causing a severe relative reduction of core commensals and an opportunistic expansion of Bacteroides. Subsequent molecular analyses on day 13 (n = 3/group) demonstrated that this dysbiosis significantly upregulated the mucosal TLR4/MyD88 signaling axis and effector cytokines IL-17 and IL-22. Strikingly, adult FMT administration effectively attenuated the TLR4 cascade and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine transcript levels while immunoregulatory IL-10 transcripts remained partially elevated. Ecologically, FMT did not merely revert the gut to its naive juvenile baseline. Instead, it suppressed Bacteroides overgrowth and established a distinctly new, highly complex community enriched with putative mature, adult-signature taxa such as Parabacteroides, Tannerellaceae, and Desulfobacterota. Interestingly, the downregulation of TLR4 occurred concurrently with the engraftment of these Gram-negative, LPS-bearing taxa. Collectively, adult-sourced FMT ameliorates ABX-induced immune stress not by restoring the original microbiota, but by driving the juvenile gut towards a putatively mature, structurally distinct, and potentially immunologically tolerant ecological state.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China",
    "Department of Pediatrics, Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xiang Qian"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yanjing Shen"
    },
    {
      "name": "Xianzhong Luo"
    },
    {
      "name": "Siqin Zhang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Li Wang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Hualin He"
    },
    {
      "name": "Bin Wang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d0yn75j2z4q9r.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0359634",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "d0yn75j2z4q9r",
  "issns": [
    "1932-6203"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0359634",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|Gut microbiota and health"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy/Digestive system/Gastrointestinal tract"
    ],
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      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy/Digestive system/Gastrointestinal tract/Colon"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Cell biology/Signal transduction/Cell signaling/Membrane receptor signaling/Immune receptor signaling"
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    [
      "plos",
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    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Ecology/Microbial ecology"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Immunology/Immune system/Innate immune system/Cytokines"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Microbial control/Antimicrobials/Antibiotics"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Microbial ecology"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Bacteria/Gut bacteria"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Bacteria/Gut bacteria/Bacteroides"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Physiology/Immune physiology/Cytokines"
    ],
    [
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      "/Ecology and environmental sciences/Ecology/Microbial ecology"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Anatomy/Digestive system/Gastrointestinal tract"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Anatomy/Digestive system/Gastrointestinal tract/Colon"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Immunology/Immune system/Innate immune system/Cytokines"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Pharmacology/Drugs/Antimicrobials/Antibiotics"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221659718",
  "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0359634&type=printable",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-13",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d0yn75j2z4q9r.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:30Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0359634",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0359634"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "plos:anatomy",
      "subfield": "physiology"
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  ],
  "title": "Adult-sourced fecal microbiota transplantation ameliorates early-life antibiotic-induced intestinal immune stress in juvenile mice associated with the modulation of the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway",
  "title_text": "Adult-sourced fecal microbiota transplantation ameliorates early-life antibiotic-induced intestinal immune stress in juvenile mice associated with the modulation of the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:30Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d0yn75j2z4q9r",
  "venue": "PLOS One",
  "versions": []
}