{
  "abstract": "Background and Purpose:: Hot and humid climate of Vietnam favors fungal infections; however, data on toenail onychomycosis in this region remain limited. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate risk factors, clinical features, and causative agents of toenail onychomycosis in Vietnam.\n\nMaterials and Methods:: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Nghe An province, Vietnam, from March 2021 to August 2022. Toenail samples from female traders with suspected onychomycosis underwent direct examination and culture. Isolates were identified using conventional and molecular techniques, including restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region.\n\nResults:: Based on findings, 45.5% of 224 participants were diagnosed with onychomycosis. The identified risk factors for onychomycosis were water contact (odds ratio (OR) 2.434; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.098–5.383) and nail grooming (OR: 2.096; 95% CI: 1.002–4.384). Distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis was the most common form (84.3%), followed by superficial white (8.8%) and proximal subungual form (6.9%). Most cases were classified as mild (35.3%) or moderate (40.2%) infections, with an average onychomycosis severity index (OSI) score of 10.25 ± 8.09. Yeasts accounted for 70.6% of cases, and Candida was the leading genus (54.9%), followed by Trichosporon (13.7%) and Geotrichum (1.9%). Most mold-related cases were caused by non-dermatophyte fungi, including Aspergillus (16.7%), Penicillium (5.9%), Curvularia (2.9%), Fusarium (2.0%), and Talaromyces (1%), while dermatophyte (Trichophyton) was identified in only one case (1%). Compared with yeast infections, mold-related cases were more associated with older participants and a higher rate of severe cases (43.3% vs. 16.7%, p = 0.010) as well as OSI score (13.6 ± 8.2 vs. 8.8 ± 7.7, p = 0.006).\n\nConclusion:: Both behavioral and occupational factors were risks for toenail onychomycosis, which was mostly mild to moderate and associated with yeasts. Non-dermatophyte molds were less frequent but linked to more severe cases. Targeted prevention and tailored treatment strategies are needed.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Paediatric Department, Internal Medicine, Department of Postgraduate Education, Vinh Medical University, Vinh, Nghe An, Vietnam",
    "Thai Thuong Hoang Hospital, Vinh, Nghe An, Vietnam",
    "Department of Parasitology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Vietnam",
    "Scientific and Training Management Department, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Ha Noi, Vietnam",
    "Microbiology and Molecular Biology Department, National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Kieu-Anh Thi Tran"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Khanh-Linh Thi Duong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Thang Doang Thai"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Anh Ngoc Do"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Loi Ba Cao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Tran-Anh Le"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d1vwhxmzr1ac7.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.22034/cmm.2026.345480.1710",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13731098/",
  "id": "d1vwhxmzr1ac7",
  "issns": [
    "2423-3439",
    "2423-3420"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.22034/cmm.2026.345480.1710",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Article"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13731098",
  "pmid": "42984585",
  "published": "2026-06-07",
  "publisher": "Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d1vwhxmzr1ac7.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-08T12:21:21Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13731098",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.22034/cmm.2026.345480.1710"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:2725|Antifungal resistance and susceptibility",
      "subfield": "infectious-disease"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Risk factors, clinical profiles, and fungal etiology of toenail onychomycosis among female traders in a central province of Vietnam",
  "title_text": "Risk factors, clinical profiles, and fungal etiology of toenail onychomycosis among female traders in a central province of Vietnam",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T12:21:21Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d1vwhxmzr1ac7",
  "venue": "Current Medical Mycology",
  "versions": []
}