{
  "abstract": "This in vitro study evaluated how Er,Cr:YSGG irradiation at three energy levels (1, 3, and 6 J/cm2), 810 nm diode irradiation, and their combinations can influence human osteoblast viability and osteogenic activity. Human osteoblasts (hOB) were assigned to eight groups: control, diode, Er,Cr:YSGG at 1, 3, and 6 J/cm2, and each Er,Cr:YSGG dose followed immediately by diode irradiation. 24 h after irradiation, metabolic activity (MTT), membrane integrity (LDH), nitric oxide (NO) production, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were assessed, and cell morphology was tracked by holographic live-cell imaging. Cell viability and membrane integrity were preserved across all protocols (MTT p = 0.325; LDH p = 0.057; both n.s.), and live-cell imaging showed osteoblast morphology and proliferation. Diode irradiation significantly increased ALP activity versus control (12.96 vs. 5.40 IU/L; p = 0.011), confirming a biostimulatory osteogenic effect, whereas Er,Cr:YSGG at 6 J/cm2 almost completely suppressed ALP activity (0.42 IU/L; p < 0.001 vs. diode). Both Er,Cr:YSGG 3 J + diode and 6 J + diode combinations significantly attenuated the diode-induced ALP increase and NO elevation in a dose-dependent manner. No protocol was cytotoxic. The 810 nm diode laser was the most osteogenically favorable condition, whereas higher-energy Er,Cr:YSGG irradiation suppressed ALP activity and, when combined with the diode, attenuated its osteogenic effect.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "The Interdisciplinary Center for Dental Research and Development, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 19-21 Jean Louis Calderon, 030167 Bucharest, Romania",
    "Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17-23 Plevnei Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania",
    "Asociacion Mexicana de Laser y Medicina Integrative, Ciudad de México 07850, Mexico",
    "Department of Organization, Professional Legislation and Management of the Dental Office, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17-23 Plevnei Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Alexandra Ripszky",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4345-282X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Isaac Kably",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2860-1559"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Cristina Neculau"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Bianca Voicu Balasea"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Izet Melis"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Sebastian Bancu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Ana Cernega",
      "orcid": "0009-0003-6970-1307"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Radu Radulescu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Silviu Pituru"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d3n0pdr60zks7.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ijms27219839",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "d3n0pdr60zks7",
  "issns": [
    "1422-0067"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/21/9839",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-03",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d3n0pdr60zks7.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-05T00:20:58Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/ijms27219839",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/21/9839"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "issn:1422-0067",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Modulatory Effects of the Er,Cr:YSGG—Diode Laser Combination Irradiation on Human Osteoblasts—Might Be Relevant for Periapical Bone Regeneration?",
  "title_text": "Modulatory Effects of the Er,Cr:YSGG—Diode Laser Combination Irradiation on Human Osteoblasts—Might Be Relevant for Periapical Bone Regeneration?",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T00:21:14Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d3n0pdr60zks7",
  "venue": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences",
  "versions": []
}