{
  "abstract": "Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination beneath occupied buildings poses a chronic BTEX vapor-intrusion risk, yet field-scale evidence for in situ remediation under occupied residential structures remains scarce. We report a full-scale surfactant-enhanced remediation (SER) campaign at a former service-station site in Quebec City (Canada), where 235 m² of contaminated soil extended directly beneath an occupied multi-unit residential building. Through 46 dual-action injection-extraction wells, 15.3 m³ of a biodegradable polysorbate-family washing solution and 31.2 m³ of rinse water were delivered by a stop-and-go protocol over 115 days. Pre-treatment soils reached Criterion C for BTEX (xylenes up to 335 mg kg⁻¹). Validation sampling at three sectors showed compliance with Quebec Criterion B at two of them, with a single residual xylenes exceedance (9.0 mg kg⁻¹; Criterion B = 5) at Sector 1. Sector-mean abatement reached >99% for ethylbenzene and xylenes at Sector 2, 79% and 90% at Sector 1, and 60-61% for TPH C₁₀-C₅₀. All validation results complied with the provincial criterion for the methylnaphthalenes, yet 1-methylnaphthalene remained 2.2-5.0 times its inhalation-driven USEPA residential screening level. Biodegradable SER can substantially reduce the BTEX vapor-intrusion source term within a single season without displacing occupants; occupant exposure itself was not measured.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Biotix Inc., Quebec City, QC G1N 2E3, Canada."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 1,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Gautier Decabooter",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-0874-0276"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d3yvr43f3pef0.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/toxics14100906",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13709739",
  "id": "d3yvr43f3pef0",
  "issns": [
    "2305-6304"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42931693",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2310|Microbial bioremediation and biosurfactants"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221749478",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13709739?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13709739",
  "pmid": "42931693",
  "published": "2026-10-14",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d3yvr43f3pef0.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42931693",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42931693"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "openalex:2310|Microbial bioremediation and biosurfactants",
      "subfield": "environmental-science"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Surfactant-Enhanced In Situ Remediation Beneath an Occupied Residential Building: Reduction of the BTEX Vapor-Intrusion Source Term and Field Validation in a Single Field Season.",
  "title_text": "Surfactant-Enhanced In Situ Remediation Beneath an Occupied Residential Building: Reduction of the BTEX Vapor-Intrusion Source Term and Field Validation in a Single Field Season.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/d3yvr43f3pef0",
  "venue": "Toxics",
  "versions": []
}